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Table 2 Predictors of self-medication with antibiotics in the rural and urban settings

From: Prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotics in selected urban and rural districts of the Dodoma region, Central Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Rural

Urban

Univariate model

Multivariate model

Univariate model

Multivariate model

cOR

95% CI

p value

aOR

95% CI

p value

cOR

95% CI

p value

aOR

95% CI

p value

Sex

Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Male

0.94

0.81, 1.09

0.422

1.027

1.913, 3.33

0.556

0.998

0.895, 1.112

0.965

0.960

0.856, 1.077

0.492

Age

0.997

0.992, 1.00

0.2

0.999

0.995, 1.003

0.697

0.994

0.990, 0.998

0.198

0.997

0.992, 1.002

0.222

Education

None

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Primary

1.165

0.896, 1.516

0.256

1.057

0.904, 1.236

0.485

0.912

0.667, 1.248

0.569

0.830

0.611, 1.126

0.231

Secondary or higher

1.183

0.877, 1.596

0.272

1.0105

0.831

0.916

1.166

0.835, 1.628

0.369

0.918

0.648, 1.300

0.630

Marital status

Married

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Single

1.273

1.036, 1.567

0.0239

1.041

0.893, 1.21

0.605

1.262

1.051, 1.517

0.013

0.975

0.797, 1.192

0.805

Widowed

1.102

0.840, 1.445

0.4838

1.129

0.963, 1.324

0.136

0.871

0.682, 1.111

0.267

0.957

0.748, 1.222

0.723

Occupation

Farming

No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.022

0.879, 1.190

0.775

0.916

0.813, 1.030

0.146

0.767

0.691, 0.852

 < 0.001

0.827

0.716, 0.955

0.010

Farming and livestock

No

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.809

0.664, 0.985

0.0365

0.957

0.821, 1.114

0.573

1.065

0.891, 1.272

0.488

1.017

0.818, 1.264

0.878

Business

No

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.002

0.824, 1.219

0.981

0.932

0.827, 1.051

0.253

1.194

0.074, 1.327

0.0001

1.096

0.975, 1.232

0.126

Employed

No

Ref

 

Ref

Ref

Yes

1.059

0.871, 1.288

0.568

1.06

0.936, 1.2001

0.361

1.241

1.002, 1.536

0.048

1.133

0.873, 1.471

0.348

Subscription to health insurance

No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.948

0.809, 1.110

0.508

0.935

0.848, 1.032

0.184

0.999

0.850, 1.174

0.991

0.925

0.766, 1.116

0.416

Perceived distance to a health care centre or drug outlet

Drug outlet

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Health facility

0.422

0.390, 0.457

 < 0.001

0.421

0.388, 0.458

 < 0.001

0.783

0.710, 0.864

 < 0.001

0.837

0.755, 0.929

 < 0.001

Awareness of antibiotic resistance

No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.984

0.859, 1.126

0.811

1.06

0.984, 1.141

0.123

1.007

0.897, 1.130

0.904

0.936

0.832, 1.053

0.270

  1. cOR  crude odds ratio
  2. aOR  adjusted odds ratio