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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing craniotomy in the two study periods

From: Economic impact of a care bundle to prevent surgical site infection after craniotomy: a cost-analysis study

 

Pre-care bundle period

(n = 595)

 

Care bundle period

(n = 422)

 

p value

Baseline characteristics

     

Male, n (%)

274

(54.6)

228

(45.4)

0.013

Median age, years (IQR)

54

(21)

55

(22)

0.143

Urgent surgery, n (%)

79

(13.3)

54

(12.8)

0.851

Reason for surgery

     

 Intrinsic tumour, n (%)

234

(39.3)

181

(42.9)

0.271

 Extrinsic tumour, n (%)

123

(20.7)

105

(24.9)

0.127

 Epilepsy, n (%)

23

(3.9)

8

(1.9)

0.095

 Vascular, n (%)

152

(25.5)

100

(23.7)

0.508

 Trauma, n (%)

17

(2.9)

20

(4.7)

0.127

 Others, n (%)

46

(7.7)

8

(1.9)

< 0.001

Surgical site

     

 Supratentorial, n (%)

449

(75.5)

363

(86)

< 0.001

 Infratentorial, n (%)

62

(10.4)

29

(6.9)

0.05

 Retromastoid, n (%)

84

(14.1)

30

(7.1)

< 0.001

Duration of surgery: minutes, median (IQR)

243

(130)

260

(136.5)

0.08

CHARLSON score, median (IQR)

3

(2)

3

(2)

0.8

ASA > 2

223

(37.5)

127

(30.1)

0.08

Inappropriate antibiotic prophylaxis, n (%)

83

(13.9)

106

(25.1)

< 0.001

CSF leak, n (%)

11

(1.8)

3

(0.7)

0.173

ICP sensor, n (%)

36

(6.1)

23

(5.4)

0.786

Use of steroids/chemotherapy, n (%)

439

(73.8)

377

(89.3)

 < 0.001

Mean hospital 1 year stay, median (IQR)

10

(19)

9.5

(16.2)

0.338

Outcomes

     

Primary outcome

     

 SSI-CRAN1, n (%)

91

(15.3)

15

(3.5)

< 0.001

 Occurrence of SSI-CRAN, days (IQR2)

21

(14–43)

19

(17.5–39.5)

0.06

 Detection

     

  During hospital admission, n (%)

31

(34.1)

5

(33.3)

1

  Post-discharge surveillance, n (%)

11

(12.1)

0

 

0.357

  Readmission, n (%)

49

(53.8)

10

(66.7)

0.411

 SSI-CRAN classification

     

  Superficial incisional, n (%)

8

(8.8)

2

(13.3)

0.777

  Deep incisional, n (%)

16

(17.6)

3

(20)

0.730

  Organ-space, n (%)

67

(73.6)

10

(66.7)

0.548

Secondary SSI-CRAN Outcomes

(n = 91)

 

(n = 15)

  

 1-year mortality, n (%)

2

(2.2)

0

(0)

1

 Re-intervention, n (%)

72

(79.1)

13

(86.7)

0.730

  Number of re-interventions, median (IQR)

1.4

(1.1)

1.4

(0.9)

0.891

 Implant for cranial reconstruction

27

(29.7)

3

(20)

0.548

 Days of antibiotic therapy, median (IQR)

37.8

(29.9)

35

(22.2)

0.764

 Cumulative days of antibiotic therapy, days

3438

 

525

 

< 0.001

MDR3 microorganism infection, n (%)

16

(17.6)

3

(20)

0.730

  1. ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, ICP intracranial pressure, IQR interquartile range, MDR multidrug-resistant, SSI-CRAN surgical site infection after craniotomy