Author, year | Location | Design | Patients, n | Method of application | Intervention | Frequency of treatment | Age, year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHX | Control | CHX | Control | CHX | Control | |||||
Oral rinse | ||||||||||
DeRiso [32] | USA | RCT | 173 | 180 | Oral rinse | 0.12% CHX gluconate | Placebo with comparable color, taste, and smell | 2 times a day until ICU discharge | 64.1 ± 0.86 | 63.5 ± 0.84 |
Houston [33] | USA | RCT | 270 | 291 | Oral rinse | 0.12% CHX gluconate | \ | \ | \ | \ |
Segers [34] | USA | RCT | 485 | 469 | Oral rinse | 0.12% CHX gluconate | Placebo with comparable color, taste, and smell | 4 times daily until the day after surgery | 65.3 ± 10.4 | 66.4 ± 9.9 |
Jacomo [35] | Brazil | RCT | 87 | 73 | Oral rinse | 0.12% CHX gluconate | Placebo with comparable color, taste and smell | 2 times daily until discharge or death | 12.2(0–176) months | 10.8(0–204) months |
Nicolosi [37] | Argentina | Prospective cohort | 150 | 150 | Oral rinse | 0.12% CHX gluconate | Without CHX | Every 12 h for 3 days | 62.3 ± 12.4 | 63.1 ± 9.3 |
Skin antiseptic | ||||||||||
Hannan [38] | Ireland | Prospective cohort | 480 | 363 | Pre-operative Skin antiseptic | 2% CHX in 70% alcohol | 70% alcohol | \ | 68 (61–74) | 68 (61–75) |
Madej [39] | Germany | Prospective cohort | 1523 | 1462 | Pre-operative Skin antiseptic | 2% CHX combined with 70% IPA | 55% IPA | \ | 67.9 ± 9.9 | 68.1 ± 9.9 |
Raja [40] | UK | Prospective cohort | 738 | 738 | Pre-operative Skin antiseptic | 2% CHX in 70% alcohol | 10% IPA | \ | \ | \ |
Qintar [43] | USA | Retrospective cohort | 1436 | 1356 | Pre-operative skin antiseptic | CHX in alcohol | IPA | \ | 66 ± 14.14 | 65.69 ± 15.07 |
Disinfection of surgical-related appliances | ||||||||||
Levy [36] | Israel | RCT | 74 | 71 | CHX-impregnated sponge | CHX-impregnated sponge covered with a transparent polyurethane | Transparent polyurethane | \ | 21 ± 37 | 31 ± 43 |
Kohler [41] | Switzerland | Prospective cohort | 646 | 945 | Whole-body shower | 4% CHX digluconate | Without CHX | Once daily | 64.4 ± 13.5 | 65.2 ± 13.0 |
Yeo [42] | Korea | Prospective cohort | 96 | 96 | Pre-operative disinfection of circuits and hubs | 2% CHX + IPA | Without CHX | \ | 59.4 ± 15.2 | 56.7 ± 13.4 |
Abboud [44] | Brazil | Retrospective cohort | 82 | 64 | Bathing with CHX-impregnated washcloths | 2% CHX | Without CHX | Once-daily | \ | \ |
Thompson [45] | USA | Case–control | 1995 | 643 | Bathing with CHX-impregnated washcloths | 2% CHX | Without CHX | Once-daily | \ | \ |