Table 2 Incidence rate, hazard ratios, 95% CI and significance tests for various types of nosocomial infections by COVID-19 status
From: Nosocomial infections among COVID-19 patients: an analysis of intensive care unit surveillance data
|  | COVID-19 patients (n = 71) | Non-COVID-19 patients (n = 487) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Nosocomial infection | |||
Total ICU-days | 727 | 1847 | – |
Episodes of nosocomial infection | 10a | 13b | – |
Incidence of nosocomial infection per 1000 ICU-days (95% CI) | 13.76 (7.40–25.56) | 7.04 (4.09–12.12) | – |
Hazard ratio | 1.95 (0.86–4.46) | 1 | 0.105 |
Adjusted hazard ratioc | 1.59 (0.60–4.21) | – | 0.353 |
CAUTI | |||
Indwelling urinary catheter | 42 (59.15) | 354 (72.69) | 0.019 |
Duration of indwelling catheter, Median days (IQR)d | 6.5 (4–14) | 2 (2–4) | < 0.001 |
Total Catheter-days | 555 | 1443 | – |
Episodes of CAUTI | 4 | 1 | – |
Incidence of CAUTI per 1000 catheter-days (95% CI) | 7.21 (2.70–19.20) | 0.69 (0.10–4.92) | – |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) | 10.40 (1.16–93.05) | 1 | 0.009 |
CLABSI | |||
Number of patients on central line | 27 (38.03) | 191 (39.22) | 0.848 |
Duration of central line, Median Days (IQR)d | 9 (6–23) | 3 (2–7) | < 0.001 |
Total Central line-days | 418 | 1050 | – |
Episodes of CLABSI | 0 | 2 | – |
Incidence of CLABSI per 1000 central line-days (95% CI) | 0 | 1.90 (0.48–7.62) | – |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) | – | – | – |
PVAP | |||
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 27 (38.03) | 222 (45.59) | 0.231 |
Duration of mechanical ventilation, median days (IQR)d | 8 (5–26) | 3 (1–5) | < 0.001 |
Total Ventilator-days | 471 | 1150 | – |
Episodes of PVAP | 1 | 2 | – |
Incidence of PVAP per 1000 ventilator-days (95% CI) | 2.12 (0.30–15.07) | 1.74 (0.43–6.95) | – |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | 1.22 (0.11–13.46) | 1 | 0.87 |
Secondary bloodstream infection (BSI) | |||
ICU-days | 727 | 1847 | – |
Episodes of BSI | 5 | 8 | – |
Incidence of BSI per 1000 ICU-days (95% CI) | 6.88 (2.86–16.52) | 4.33 (2.17–8.66) | – |
Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | 1.59 (0.52–4.85) | 1 | 0.413 |