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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patient included with p value referred to the overall cohort stratified by complex cases (those who had previous antibiotic treatment or renal/urological comorbidities)

From: Development of a Weighted-Incidence Syndromic Combination Antibiogram (WISCA) to guide the choice of the empiric antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infection in paediatric patients: a Bayesian approach

Complex case?

Centre A

Centre B

Overall

p value

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

(n = 68)

(n = 23)

(n = 225)

(n = 69)

(n = 293)

(n = 92)

Sex, N (%), male

32 (47.1%)

15 (65.2%)

93 (41.3%)

23 (33.3%)

125 (42.7%)

38 (41.3%)

0.972

Age, median [IQR], months

7.50 [13.3]

4.00 [11.5]

10.0 [25.0]

31.0 [63.5]

9.00 [21.0]

19.0 [55.5]

 < 0.001

Age class, N (%)

      

 0–1 month

9 (13.2%)

6 (26.1%)

17 (7.6%)

3 (4.3%)

26 (8.9%)

9 (9.8%)

0.808

 2–6 months

24 (35.3%)

9 (39.1%)

69 (30.7%)

9 (13.0%)

93 (31.7%)

18 (19.6%)

0.019

 7–24 months

24 (35.3%)

4 (17.4%)

76 (33.8%)

18 (26.1%)

100 (34.1%)

22 (23.9%)

0.047

 3–5 years

4 (5.9%)

3 (13.0%)

37 (16.4%)

17 (24.6%)

41 (14.0%)

20 (21.7%)

0.060

 6–10 years

6 (8.8%)

1 (4.3%)

21 (9.3%)

17 (24.6%)

27 (9.2%)

18 (19.6%)

0.008

 11–14 years

1 (1.5%)

0 (0%)

5 (2.2%)

5 (7.2%)

6 (2.0%)

5 (5.4%)

0.033

Discharge diagnosis, N (%)

      

 Urinary tract infection

50 (73.5%)

16 (69.6%)

177 (78.7%)

49 (71.0%)

227 (77.5%)

65 (70.7%)

0.251

 Cystitis

8 (11.8%)

1 (4.3%)

40 (17.8%)

11 (15.9%)

48 (16.4%)

12 (13.0%)

0.347

 Kidney infection

5 (7.4%)

5 (21.7%)

5 (2.2%)

8 (11.6%)

10 (3.4%)

13 (14.1%)

 < 0.001

 Other

5 (7.4%)

1 (4.3%)

3 (1.3%)

1 (1.4%)

8 (2.7%)

2 (2.2%)

0.762

Antibiotic prescription in the previous 30 days, N (%)

     

 Yes

 

12 (52.2%)

 

42 (60.9%)

 

54 (58.7%)

 

  Amikacin

 

0 (0%)

 

1 (1.4%)

 

1 (1.1%)

 

  Amoxicillin

 

0 (0%)

 

7 (10.1%)

 

7 (7.6%)

 

  Co-amoxiclav

 

2 (8.7%)

 

16 (23.2%)

 

18 (19.6%)

 

  Ampicillin

 

1 (4.3%)

 

0 (0%)

 

1 (1.1%)

 

  Azithromycin

 

0 (0%)

 

0 (0%)

 

0 (0%)

 

  Cefaclor

 

3 (13.0%)

 

1 (1.4%)

 

4 (4.3%)

 

  Cefixime

 

1 (4.3%)

 

8 (11.6%)

 

9 (9.8%)

 

  Cefpodoxime

 

0 (0%)

 

2 (2.9%)

 

2 (2.2%)

 

  Ceftriaxone

 

0 (0%)

 

1 (1.4%)

 

1 (1.1%)

 

  Ciprofloxacin

 

0 (0%)

 

4 (5.8%)

 

4 (4.3%)

 

  Co-trimoxazole

0 (0%)

 

0 (0%)

 

0 (0%)

 

  Fosfomycin

 

0 (0%)

 

1 (1.4%)

 

1 (1.1%)

 

  Missing

 

5 (41.7%)

 

1 (2.4%)

 

6 (8.8%)

 

 Previous treatment failure

0 (0%)

 

2 (2.9%)a

 

2 (2.2%)

 

Presence of urinary tract malformations, N (%), Yes

15 (65.2%)

 

45 (65.2%)

 

60 (65.2%)

 

Method for urine collection, N (%)

     

Collection bag > 105 CFU/ml

67 (98.5%)

23 (100%)

108 (48.0%)

23 (33.3%)

175 (59.7%)

46 (50.0%)

0.053

Catheterization > 104 CFU/ml

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

30 (13.3%)

6 (8.7%)

30 (10.2%)

6 (6.5%)

0.277

Clean-catch mid-stream > 105 CFU/ml

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

70 (31.1%)

37 (53.6%)

70 (23.9%)

37 (40.2%)

 < 0.001

Missing

1 (1.5%)

0 (0%)

17 (7.2%)

3 (4.3%)

18 (5.9%)

3 (3.3%)

 

Blood culture collection, N (%)

     

Yes

22 (32.4%)

9 (39.1%)

65 (28.9%)

20 (29.0%)

87 (29.7%)

29 (31.5%)

0.667

Negative

21 (30.9%)

8 (34.8%)

28 (12.4%)

7 (10.1%)

49 (16.7%)

15 (16.3%)

0.256

 Positive

1 (1.5%)

1 (4.3%)

1 (0.4%)

1 (1.4%)

2 (0.7%)

2 (2.2%)

 

  Escherichia coli

1 (1.5%)

1 (4.3%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.3%)

1 (1.1%)

1

  Micrococcus luteus

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.4%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

0.248

  Staphylococcus epidermidis

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (1.4%)

0 (0%)

1 (1.1%)

0.248

Urine culture bacteria, N (%)

     

 Citrobacter koseri

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (0.9%)

0 (0%)

2 (0.7%)

0 (0%)

0.425

 Enterobacter cloacae

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

3 (1.3%)

0 (0%)

3 (1.0%)

0 (0%)

0.328

 Enterococcus faecalis

1 (1.5%)

0 (0%)

2 (0.9%)

0 (0%)

3 (1.0%)

0 (0%)

0.328

 Escherichia coli

58 (85.3%)

21 (91.3%)

196 (87.1%)

55 (79.7%)

254 (86.7%)

76 (82.6%)

0.277

 Klebsiella oxytoca

2 (2.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (2.9%)

2 (0.7%)

2 (2.2%)

0.222

 Klebsiella pneumoniae

1 (1.5%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.4%)

3 (4.3%)

2 (0.7%)

3 (3.3%)

0.058

 Proteus mirabilis

5 (7.4%)

0 (0%)

19 (8.4%)

5 (7.2%)

24 (8.2%)

5 (5.4%)

0.373

 Proteus vulgaris

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.4%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

0.573

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

0 (0%)

2 (8.7%)

0 (0%)

3 (4.3%)

0 (0%)

5 (5.4%)

 < 0.001

 Staphylococcus aureus

1 (1.5%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.4%)

1 (1.4%)

2 (0.7%)

1 (1.1%)

0.705

  1. aCo-amoxiclav + fosfomycin