Participant characteristic | No. of women (%), N = 1472 | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of being colonized with bacteria | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceace | MRSA | MDR | ||
Mother's age | ||||
 20–24 years | 587 (39.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 <  = 19 years | 205 (13.9) | 0.69 (0.26, 1.79) | 1.26 (0.59, 2.68) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.63) |
 25–29 years | 454 (30.8) | 1.32 (0.69, 2.54) | 1.68 (0.93, 3.02) | 1.27 (0.98, 1.65) |
 >  = 30 years | 226 (15.4) | 0.91 (0.34, 2.43) | 3.03 (1.51, 6.07) | 1.56 (1.09, 2.24) |
Education level | ||||
 Tertiary | 130 (8.8) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Primary | 488 (33.2) | 1.15 (0.39, 3.33) | 1.91 (0.74, 4.93) | 1.31 (0.86, 1.98) |
 Secondary | 854 (58.0) | 1.08 (0.40, 2.89) | 1.44 (0.58, 3.53) | 1.42 (0.96, 2.09) |
Wealth index | ||||
 Quintile5 | 290 (19.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Quintile1 | 489 (33.2) | 0.82 (0.36, 1.85) | 1.09. (0.54, 2.20) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) |
 Quintile2 | 100 (6.8) | 0.42 (0.09, 1.97) | 0.85 (0.29, 2.51) | 0.85 (0.53, 1.38) |
 Quintile3 | 298 (20.2) | 0.86 (0.36, 2.09) | 1.07 (0.50, 2.31) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) |
 Quintile4 | 295 (20.0) | 1.06 (0.45, 2.49) | 0.97 (0.45, 2.06) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) |
Gravidity | ||||
 Primigravida | 442 (30.0) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 2–4 pregnancies | 910 (61.8) | 0.73 (0.37, 1.44) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.55) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.25) |
 5 or more pregnancies | 120 (8.2) | 0.68 (0.18, 2.59) | 0.39 (0.13, 1.19) | 0.62 (0.37, 1.02) |
Hospitalization during pregnancy | ||||
 No | 1387 (94.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 710 (94.5) | 1.35 (0.47, 3.33) | 1.32 (0.55, 3.17) | 0.99 (0.64, 1.55) |
Antenatal visits | ||||
 Once | 75 (5.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 2–4 times | 1259 (85.5) | 0.53 (0.20, 1.41)- | 0.78 (0.30, 2.02) | 1.15 (0.71, 1.85) |
 5 or more times | 138 (9.4) | 0.28 (0.06, 1.26)- | 1.29 (0.42, 3.95) | 1.12 (0.63, 1.99) |
Own domestic animals | ||||
 No | 1355 (92.1) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 117 (8.0) | 0.16 (0.02, 1.27) | 0. 89 (0.34, 2.35) | 0. 77 (0.50, 1.20) |