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Table 3 Association between exposures and vaginal colonization with important antibiotic-resistant bacteria among study women in labor

From: Vaginal colonization with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among women in labor in central Uganda: prevalence and associated factors

Participant characteristic

No. of women (%), N = 1472

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of being colonized with bacteria

ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceace

MRSA

MDR

Mother's age

 20–24 years

587 (39.9)

1

1

1

 <  = 19 years

205 (13.9)

0.69 (0.26, 1.79)

1.26 (0.59, 2.68)

1.16 (0.82, 1.63)

 25–29 years

454 (30.8)

1.32 (0.69, 2.54)

1.68 (0.93, 3.02)

1.27 (0.98, 1.65)

 >  = 30 years

226 (15.4)

0.91 (0.34, 2.43)

3.03 (1.51, 6.07)

1.56 (1.09, 2.24)

Education level

 Tertiary

130 (8.8)

1

1

1

 Primary

488 (33.2)

1.15 (0.39, 3.33)

1.91 (0.74, 4.93)

1.31 (0.86, 1.98)

 Secondary

854 (58.0)

1.08 (0.40, 2.89)

1.44 (0.58, 3.53)

1.42 (0.96, 2.09)

Wealth index

 Quintile5

290 (19.7)

1

1

1

 Quintile1

489 (33.2)

0.82 (0.36, 1.85)

1.09. (0.54, 2.20)

0.82 (0.59, 1.13)

 Quintile2

100 (6.8)

0.42 (0.09, 1.97)

0.85 (0.29, 2.51)

0.85 (0.53, 1.38)

 Quintile3

298 (20.2)

0.86 (0.36, 2.09)

1.07 (0.50, 2.31)

0.86 (0.60, 1.23)

 Quintile4

295 (20.0)

1.06 (0.45, 2.49)

0.97 (0.45, 2.06)

0.86 (0.61, 1.22)

Gravidity

 Primigravida

442 (30.0)

1

1

1

 2–4 pregnancies

910 (61.8)

0.73 (0.37, 1.44)

0.84 (0.46, 1.55)

0.95 (0.73, 1.25)

 5 or more pregnancies

120 (8.2)

0.68 (0.18, 2.59)

0.39 (0.13, 1.19)

0.62 (0.37, 1.02)

Hospitalization during pregnancy

 No

1387 (94.2)

1

1

1

 Yes

710 (94.5)

1.35 (0.47, 3.33)

1.32 (0.55, 3.17)

0.99 (0.64, 1.55)

Antenatal visits

 Once

75 (5.1)

1

1

1

 2–4 times

1259 (85.5)

0.53 (0.20, 1.41)-

0.78 (0.30, 2.02)

1.15 (0.71, 1.85)

 5 or more times

138 (9.4)

0.28 (0.06, 1.26)-

1.29 (0.42, 3.95)

1.12 (0.63, 1.99)

Own domestic animals

 No

1355 (92.1)

1

1

1

 Yes

117 (8.0)

0.16 (0.02, 1.27)

0. 89 (0.34, 2.35)

0. 77 (0.50, 1.20)