Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals and the environment: an African perspective

Table 4 Percentage of MDR Escherichia coli from environmental samples

Country	Sample type	%MDR	Antimicrobial class	References
South Africa	Treated Waste water	75.9	Lincosamides, Sulphonamides, Carbapenems, Quinolones, Penicillin, Tetracycline, Polypeptide, Dihydrofolate, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins Macrolides	[55]
South Africa	River water, Sediments	84	Furans, Penicillin, Clavam, Quinolones, Phenocols, Dihydrofolate, Cephalosporins	[56]
Ethiopia	Drinking water	66.7	Penicillin, Clavam, Quinolones, Cephalosporins, Tetracycline, Phenocols, Sulphonamides, Aminoglycosides	[57]
South Africa	River water	100	Penicillin, Tetracycline, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, Dihydrofolate	[58]
South Africa	Treated waste water	33.3	Tetracycline, Penicillin, Furanes, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Phenocols, Quinolones, Polypeptide, Lipopeptides	[59]
Algeria	Treated waste water	85	Cephalosporins, Quinolones, Sulphonamides, Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Phenocols	[60]
Algeria	River water	100	Penicillin, Clavam, Monobactams	[61]
Egypt	River water	82.5	Penicillin, Glycopeptides, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Dihydrofolate, Tetracycline, Sulphonamides	[62]
Tunisia	Waste, Surface water	76	Aminoglycosides, Dihydrofolate, Quinolones, Sulphonamides, Phenocols, Tetracycline, Cephalosporins	[6]
Tanzania	Domestic, Biomedical waste, River sludge	56	Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, Penicillin	[63]

ISSN: 2047-2994