Skip to main content

Table 1 Different study designs used in data collection on antimicrobial use and resistance

From: Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals and the environment: an African perspective

Sample type

Study type

Approach

Number of articles

Food animals

Cross sectional

Surveillance (Questionnaire, observation and/or focus group discussion and in-depth interview)

9

Food animals

Cross sectional

Laboratory analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistant organisms

92

Food animals

Cross sectional

Laboratory and surveillance

14

Fish

Cross sectional

Laboratory analysis of the resistant organism(s)

7

Environment

Cross sectional

Laboratory analysis of the resistant organism(s)

26

Food animals and environment

Cross sectional

Surveillance with laboratory analysis

9

Food animals and environment

Retrospective

Surveillance and laboratory analysis of the resistant organisms

3

  1. Food animals referred here includes all domestic animals farmed for food consumption (cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, camel, horse, rabbit and donkey); Fish involved those captured from natural water bodies (river, streams, dams and ocean) and the environment samples involved treated waste water, effluent, surface water, river and ocean water, sediments and soil