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Table 3 Meta-analysis of risk factors for CRKP infection in the type 1 comparison

From: Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection relative to two types of control patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Number of included studies

Sample size, CRKP infection/CSKP infection

Heterogeneity

Effects model

OR or MD [95% CI]

Z

P

Egger’s test, P >|t|

χ2

P

I2

LOS

3

191/230

10.02

0.007

80%

Random

15.28 [1.11, 29.46] a

2.11

0.03*

0.329

Prior hospitalization (within the previous 6 months)

4

230/172

5.67

0.13

47%

Fixed

1.91 [1.23, 2.97]

2.89

0.004*

0.480

Admission to ICU

10

684/874

31.80

0.0002

72%

Random

3.20 [1.97, 5.18]

4.72

<0.00001*

0.796

Length of ICU stay

3

259/196

4.84

0.09

59%

Random

−1.78 [−9.25, 5.68] a

0.47

0.64

0.909

APACHE II score on ICU admission

5

253/157

10.95

0.03

63%

Random

0.91 [−1.28, 3.10] a

0.82

0.41

0.692

Hypertension

3

148/200

0.08

0.96

0%

Fixed

0.97 [0.61, 1.55]

0.12

0.91

0.271

Diabetes

13

757/800

10.80

0.55

0%

Fixed

1.12 [0.88, 1.43]

0.94

0.35

0.874

Respiratory disease

3

149/118

0.77

0.68

0%

Fixed

1.34 [0.71, 2.55]

0.91

0.37

0.294

Heart disorders

5

305/290

3.79

0.44

0%

Fixed

1.25 [0.87, 1.78]

1.20

0.23

0.594

Acute renal failure

3

261/198

0.95

0.62

0%

Fixed

1.12 [0.68, 1.85]

0.46

0.65

0.156

Chronic renal failure

6

460/494

7.24

0.20

31%

Fixed

1.25 [0.89, 1.73]

1.30

0.19

0.580

Renal dysfunction

3

213/279

2.26

0.32

11%

Fixed

2.17 [1.32, 3.56]

3.07

0.002*

0.072

Liver disease

5

313/243

2.17

0.70

0%

Fixed

1.40 [0.88, 2.23]

1.43

0.15

0.665

Neurological disorders

5

289/235

1.51

0.83

0%

Fixed

1.52 [1.04, 2.24]

2.15

0.03*

0.081

Hematological disorders

3

177/122

0.78

0.68

0%

Fixed

2.83 [0.82, 9.72]

1.65

0.10

0.772

Malignancy

5

343/374

5.50

0.24

27%

Fixed

0.84 [0.55, 1.28]

0.82

0.41

0.306

Trauma

3

168/219

0.82

0.66

0%

Fixed

0.58 [0.30, 1.12]

1.63

0.10

0.324

Immunosuppression

3

135/124

2.25

0.32

11%

Fixed

1.49 [0.71, 3.13]

1.04

0.30

0.106

Steroid therapy

3

174/174

1.09

0.58

0%

Fixed

1.44 [0.85, 2.44]

1.34

0.18

0.108

Chemotherapy

3

148/187

0.16

0.92

0%

Fixed

1.03 [0.47, 2.26]

0.07

0.95

0.169

Prior surgery

11

616/628

22.47

0.01

55%

Random

1.31 [0.88, 1.94]

1.33

0.18

0.723

Tracheostomy

6

385/468

18.30

0.003

73%

Random

2.11 [1.03, 4.32]

2.05

0.04*

0.769

Mechanical ventilation

12

764/947

41.95

<0.0001

74%

Random

2.70 [1.68, 4.33]

4.12

<0.0001*

0.901

CVC

9

642/706

30.00

0.0002

73%

Random

2.62 [1.44, 4.76]

3.16

0.002*

0.871

Urinary catheter

10

532/606

22.30

0.008

60%

Random

1.99 [1.28, 3.09]

3.04

0.002*

0.626

Nasogastric tube

6

250/246

17.20

0.004

71%

Random

2.62 [1.20, 5.68]

2.43

0.02*

0.623

Dialysis

7

378/527

3.01

0.81

0%

Fixed

3.56 [2.39, 5.31]

6.25

<0.00001*

0.592

Parenteral nutrition

4

231/178

6.64

0.08

55%

Random

1.59 [0.72, 3.49]

1.15

0.25

0.448

Enteral feeding

3

178/130

2.02

0.36

1%

Fixed

1.35 [0.78, 2.35]

1.08

0.28

0.843

Prior antibiotic use

6

352/507

20.64

0.0009

76%

Random

6.07 [2.03, 18.18]

3.22

0.001*

0.133

Penicillin

3

185/282

7.07

0.03

72%

Random

2.18 [0.75, 6.35]

1.42

0.15

0.408

Cephalosporins

7

468/513

31.51

<0.0001

81%

Random

1.45 [0.70, 2.99]

1.00

0.32

0.148

Second-generation cephalosporins

3

149/135

0.13

0.94

0%

Fixed

1.62 [0.75, 3.47]

1.23

0.22

0.357

Third-generation cephalosporins

3

112/157

4.61

0.10

57%

Random

2.05 [0.83, 5.06]

1.56

0.12

0.756

Carbapenems

12

658/774

25.57

0.008

57%

Random

4.16 [2.75, 6.29]

6.76

<0.00001*

0.954

β-lactam+β-lactamase inhibitor

5

262/273

13.21

0.01

70%

Random

2.06 [1.01, 4.20]

2.00

0.05

0.276

Aminoglycosides

12

669/765

10.47

0.49

0%

Fixed

1.85 [1.32, 2.60]

3.54

0.0004*

0.770

Quinolones

8

420/531

20.85

0.004

66%

Random

2.11 [1.15, 3.87]

2.42

0.02*

0.324

Fluoroquinolones

4

249/234

0.57

0.90

0%

Fixed

2.03 [1.28, 3.24]

2.98

0.003*

0.184

Glycopeptides

4

191/230

0.69

0.88

0%

Fixed

3.70 [2.31, 5.94]

5.43

<0.00001*

0.677

Vancomycin

3

195/292

3.64

0.16

45%

Fixed

2.82 [1.86, 4.28]

4.87

<0.00001*

0.930

Macrolides

4

254/404

10.12

0.02

70%

Random

2.46 [0.44, 13.87]

1.02

0.31

0.571

Metronidazole

4

201/240

0.52

0.92

0%

Fixed

0.85 [0.50, 1.43]

0.62

0.54

0.491

  1. Abbreviations: CRKP Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, CSKP Carbapenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae, OR Odds ratio, MD Mean difference, CI Confidence interval, LOS Length of hospital stay, ICU Intensive care unit, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, CVC Central venous catheter
  2. aMean difference
  3. * Statistically significant differences between groups (α = 0.05)