| Number of included studies | Sample size, CRKP infection/CSKP infection | Heterogeneity | Effects model | OR or MD [95% CI] | Z | P | Egger’s test, P >|t| | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | P | I2 | ||||||||
LOS | 3 | 191/230 | 10.02 | 0.007 | 80% | Random | 15.28 [1.11, 29.46] a | 2.11 | 0.03* | 0.329 |
Prior hospitalization (within the previous 6 months) | 4 | 230/172 | 5.67 | 0.13 | 47% | Fixed | 1.91 [1.23, 2.97] | 2.89 | 0.004* | 0.480 |
Admission to ICU | 10 | 684/874 | 31.80 | 0.0002 | 72% | Random | 3.20 [1.97, 5.18] | 4.72 | <0.00001* | 0.796 |
Length of ICU stay | 3 | 259/196 | 4.84 | 0.09 | 59% | Random | −1.78 [−9.25, 5.68] a | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.909 |
APACHE II score on ICU admission | 5 | 253/157 | 10.95 | 0.03 | 63% | Random | 0.91 [−1.28, 3.10] a | 0.82 | 0.41 | 0.692 |
Hypertension | 3 | 148/200 | 0.08 | 0.96 | 0% | Fixed | 0.97 [0.61, 1.55] | 0.12 | 0.91 | 0.271 |
Diabetes | 13 | 757/800 | 10.80 | 0.55 | 0% | Fixed | 1.12 [0.88, 1.43] | 0.94 | 0.35 | 0.874 |
Respiratory disease | 3 | 149/118 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0% | Fixed | 1.34 [0.71, 2.55] | 0.91 | 0.37 | 0.294 |
Heart disorders | 5 | 305/290 | 3.79 | 0.44 | 0% | Fixed | 1.25 [0.87, 1.78] | 1.20 | 0.23 | 0.594 |
Acute renal failure | 3 | 261/198 | 0.95 | 0.62 | 0% | Fixed | 1.12 [0.68, 1.85] | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.156 |
Chronic renal failure | 6 | 460/494 | 7.24 | 0.20 | 31% | Fixed | 1.25 [0.89, 1.73] | 1.30 | 0.19 | 0.580 |
Renal dysfunction | 3 | 213/279 | 2.26 | 0.32 | 11% | Fixed | 2.17 [1.32, 3.56] | 3.07 | 0.002* | 0.072 |
Liver disease | 5 | 313/243 | 2.17 | 0.70 | 0% | Fixed | 1.40 [0.88, 2.23] | 1.43 | 0.15 | 0.665 |
Neurological disorders | 5 | 289/235 | 1.51 | 0.83 | 0% | Fixed | 1.52 [1.04, 2.24] | 2.15 | 0.03* | 0.081 |
Hematological disorders | 3 | 177/122 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0% | Fixed | 2.83 [0.82, 9.72] | 1.65 | 0.10 | 0.772 |
Malignancy | 5 | 343/374 | 5.50 | 0.24 | 27% | Fixed | 0.84 [0.55, 1.28] | 0.82 | 0.41 | 0.306 |
Trauma | 3 | 168/219 | 0.82 | 0.66 | 0% | Fixed | 0.58 [0.30, 1.12] | 1.63 | 0.10 | 0.324 |
Immunosuppression | 3 | 135/124 | 2.25 | 0.32 | 11% | Fixed | 1.49 [0.71, 3.13] | 1.04 | 0.30 | 0.106 |
Steroid therapy | 3 | 174/174 | 1.09 | 0.58 | 0% | Fixed | 1.44 [0.85, 2.44] | 1.34 | 0.18 | 0.108 |
Chemotherapy | 3 | 148/187 | 0.16 | 0.92 | 0% | Fixed | 1.03 [0.47, 2.26] | 0.07 | 0.95 | 0.169 |
Prior surgery | 11 | 616/628 | 22.47 | 0.01 | 55% | Random | 1.31 [0.88, 1.94] | 1.33 | 0.18 | 0.723 |
Tracheostomy | 6 | 385/468 | 18.30 | 0.003 | 73% | Random | 2.11 [1.03, 4.32] | 2.05 | 0.04* | 0.769 |
Mechanical ventilation | 12 | 764/947 | 41.95 | <0.0001 | 74% | Random | 2.70 [1.68, 4.33] | 4.12 | <0.0001* | 0.901 |
CVC | 9 | 642/706 | 30.00 | 0.0002 | 73% | Random | 2.62 [1.44, 4.76] | 3.16 | 0.002* | 0.871 |
Urinary catheter | 10 | 532/606 | 22.30 | 0.008 | 60% | Random | 1.99 [1.28, 3.09] | 3.04 | 0.002* | 0.626 |
Nasogastric tube | 6 | 250/246 | 17.20 | 0.004 | 71% | Random | 2.62 [1.20, 5.68] | 2.43 | 0.02* | 0.623 |
Dialysis | 7 | 378/527 | 3.01 | 0.81 | 0% | Fixed | 3.56 [2.39, 5.31] | 6.25 | <0.00001* | 0.592 |
Parenteral nutrition | 4 | 231/178 | 6.64 | 0.08 | 55% | Random | 1.59 [0.72, 3.49] | 1.15 | 0.25 | 0.448 |
Enteral feeding | 3 | 178/130 | 2.02 | 0.36 | 1% | Fixed | 1.35 [0.78, 2.35] | 1.08 | 0.28 | 0.843 |
Prior antibiotic use | 6 | 352/507 | 20.64 | 0.0009 | 76% | Random | 6.07 [2.03, 18.18] | 3.22 | 0.001* | 0.133 |
Penicillin | 3 | 185/282 | 7.07 | 0.03 | 72% | Random | 2.18 [0.75, 6.35] | 1.42 | 0.15 | 0.408 |
Cephalosporins | 7 | 468/513 | 31.51 | <0.0001 | 81% | Random | 1.45 [0.70, 2.99] | 1.00 | 0.32 | 0.148 |
Second-generation cephalosporins | 3 | 149/135 | 0.13 | 0.94 | 0% | Fixed | 1.62 [0.75, 3.47] | 1.23 | 0.22 | 0.357 |
Third-generation cephalosporins | 3 | 112/157 | 4.61 | 0.10 | 57% | Random | 2.05 [0.83, 5.06] | 1.56 | 0.12 | 0.756 |
Carbapenems | 12 | 658/774 | 25.57 | 0.008 | 57% | Random | 4.16 [2.75, 6.29] | 6.76 | <0.00001* | 0.954 |
β-lactam+β-lactamase inhibitor | 5 | 262/273 | 13.21 | 0.01 | 70% | Random | 2.06 [1.01, 4.20] | 2.00 | 0.05 | 0.276 |
Aminoglycosides | 12 | 669/765 | 10.47 | 0.49 | 0% | Fixed | 1.85 [1.32, 2.60] | 3.54 | 0.0004* | 0.770 |
Quinolones | 8 | 420/531 | 20.85 | 0.004 | 66% | Random | 2.11 [1.15, 3.87] | 2.42 | 0.02* | 0.324 |
Fluoroquinolones | 4 | 249/234 | 0.57 | 0.90 | 0% | Fixed | 2.03 [1.28, 3.24] | 2.98 | 0.003* | 0.184 |
Glycopeptides | 4 | 191/230 | 0.69 | 0.88 | 0% | Fixed | 3.70 [2.31, 5.94] | 5.43 | <0.00001* | 0.677 |
Vancomycin | 3 | 195/292 | 3.64 | 0.16 | 45% | Fixed | 2.82 [1.86, 4.28] | 4.87 | <0.00001* | 0.930 |
Macrolides | 4 | 254/404 | 10.12 | 0.02 | 70% | Random | 2.46 [0.44, 13.87] | 1.02 | 0.31 | 0.571 |
Metronidazole | 4 | 201/240 | 0.52 | 0.92 | 0% | Fixed | 0.85 [0.50, 1.43] | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.491 |