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Table 4 KAP risk factor analysis for ESBL E. coli carriage in children

From: Caretaker knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) in children in Quito, Ecuador

Question

ESBL positive (%)

ESBL negative (%)

OR univariate

(95% CI)b

P value

OR adjusted

(95% CI)c

P value

When your child’s throat hurts, do you give them antibiotics?

      

 Never

28 (15.6)

151 (84.4)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

23 (8.2)

257 (91.8)

0.48 (0.27–0.86)

0.01

0.48 (0.27–0.87)

0.02

 Always

29 (11.2)

230 (88.8)

0.68 (0.38–1.20)

0.18

0.65 (0.36–1.15)

0.14

 Don’t know/no responsea

5 (22.7)

17(77.3)

1.45 (0.45–4.70)

0.53

1.64 (0.45–5.99)

0.45

When your child catches a cold, will antibiotics help them improve more quickly?

      

 Never

21 (13.0)

141 (87.0)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

23 (11.9)

170 (88.1)

0.90 (0.48–1.68)

0.74

0.82 (0.42–1.59)

0.55

 Always

34 (10.2)

299 (89.8)

0.77 (0.42–1.39)

0.39

0.70 (0.38–1.30)

0.26

 Don’t know/no response

7 (13.5)

45(86.5)

1.06 (0.40–2.80)

0.91

1.00 (0.36–2.75)

1.00

When your child is sick with a cold, bad enough that they need to see a doctor, do you wait for a doctor to prescribe antibiotics for your child?

      

 Always

41 (10.4)

352 (89.6)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

24 (11.7)

182 (88.3)

1.11 (0.65–1.90)

0.69

1.11 (0.64–1.93)

0.71

 Never

17 (13.7)

107 (86.3)

1.35 (0.76–2.40)

0.31

1.38 (0.77–2.46)

0.28

 Don’t know/no response

3 (17.6)

14 (82.3)

1.74 (0.36–8.4)

0.49

1.94 (0.35–10.71)

0.45

Do you think it is OK to use antibiotics when you feel sick, to help you get better?

      

 Never

17 (14.8)

98 (85.2)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

39 (10.4)

337 (89.6)

0.65 (0.36–1.19)

0.16

0.61 (0.33–1.11)

0.10

 Always

26 (11.6)

199 (88.4)

0.73 (0.39–1.35)

0.31

0.66 (0.35–1.24)

0.19

 Don’t know/no response

3 (12.5)

21 (87.5)

0.74 (0.15–3.76)

0.72

0.72 (0.13–3.99)

0.70

If your child has bronchitis and you cannot take them to the doctor quickly, is it an option to go to a pharmacy to get antibiotics?

      

 Never

52 (12.0)

380 (88.0)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

15 (11.0)

121 (89.0)

0.89 (0.49–1.62)

0.71

0.91 (0.49–1.67)

0.76

 Always

134 (90.5)

14 (9.5)

0.76 (0.41–1.40)

0.38

0.78 (0.41–1.46)

0.43

 Don’t know/no response

4 (16.7)

20 (83.3)

1.46 (0.42–5.12)

0.55

1.76 (0.47–6.59)

0.40

Do most of your friends think that they should give antibiotics to their children when they have a cold?

      

 Never

21 (13.2)

138 (86.8)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

20 (11.9)

148 (88.1)

0.85 (0.44–1.63)

0.63

0.84 (0.42–1.67)

0.61

 Always

179 (89.5)

21 (10.5)

0.77 (0.42–1.40)

0.39

0.78 (0.42–1.45)

0.43

 Don’t know/no response

23 (10.8)

190 (89.2)

0.79 (0.43–1.45)

0.46

0.77 (0.41–1.43)

0.40

Do most of your friends think that they should give antibiotics to their children when they have diarrhea?

      

 Never

20 (12.8)

136 (87.2)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

21 (13.2)

138 (86.8)

1.02 (0.54–1.92)

0.96

1.07 (0.55–2.07)

0.85

 Always

22 (11.1)

177 (88.9)

0.85 (0.45–1.58)

0.60

0.89 (0.47–1.69)

0.72

 Don’t know/no response

22 (9.7)

204 (90.3)

0.74 (0.40–1.38)

0.35

0.75 (0.40–1.41)

0.37

Do most of your friends think that they should give antibiotics to children when they have skin irritations?

      

 Never

21 (13.5)

135 (86.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

20 (12.3)

143 (87.7)

0.87 (0.46–1.64)

0.66

0.91 (0.46–1.79)

0.78

 Always

21 (11.2)

167 (88.8)

0.81 (0.44–1.51)

0.51

0.84 (0.44–1.59)

0.59

 Don’t know/no response

23 (9.9)

210 (90.1)

0.71 (0.38–1.30)

0.27

0.71 (0.38–1.33)

0.29

Do most of your friends go to a pharmacy to buy antibiotics for their children who are ill, without a medical prescription?

      

 Never

20 (14.1)

122 (85.9)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Sometimes

16 (10.3)

140 (89.7)

0.67 (0.33 –1.36)

0.27

0.70 (0.34–1.48)

0.36

 Always

29 (13.6)

184 (86.4)

0.98 (0.53–1.78)

0.94

1.04 (0.56–1.96)

0.89

 Don’t know/no response

20 (8.7)

209 (91.3)

0.59 (0.31–1.12)

0.11

0.60 (0.31–1.16)

0.13

Can antibiotics kill bacteria?

      

 Yes

29 (9.6)

273 (90.4)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 No

23 (18.5)

101 (81.5)

2.18 (1.20–3.97)

0.01

2.17 (1.18–3.99)

0.01

 Don’t know/no response

33 (10.5)

281 (89.5)

1.12 (0.67–1.90)

0.66

1.09 (0.64–1.85)

0.75

Can antibiotics kill viruses?

      

 No

26 (16.5)

132 (83.5)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

29 (10.4)

251 (89.6)

0.59 (0.34–1.04)

0.07

0.56 (0.32–0.97)

0.04

 Don’t know/no response

30 (9.9)

272 (90.1)

0.56 (0.32–0.98)

0.04

0.52 (0.30–0.90)

0.02

  1. Significant associations are bolded
  2. aNon-responses to the survey were decided to be included with those not knowing their response and were included in the model in order to avoid dropping individuals missing data for single questions, for a total of 740 responses
  3. bThe answer deemed as the knowledge, attitude, or practice that is best or is hypothesized to most limit antibiotic use serves as the referent category
  4. cThe questions included in the model as confounders can be found in the methods section