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Table 4 Exposure to anti-infective drugs before and after guideline update

From: Sepsis related mortality of extremely low gestational age newborns after the introduction of colonization screening for multi-drug resistant organisms

Year of discharge

2011–2013

n = 2.948%

2014–2018

n = 6.630%

P#

Any antibiotics

96.7

93.3

<  0.001

Penicillins

76.6

66.6

<  0.001

Ampicillin

71.0

66.3

<  0.001

Piperacillin

15.6

17.5

0.02

Piperacillin/Tazobactam

11.5

12.0

0.65

Aminoglycosides

75.3

74.1

0.2

Gentamycin

56.0

56.9

0.44

Tobramycin

20.6

18.3

0.01

Glycopeptides

53.4

49.2

< 0.001

Vancomycin

42.0

41.0

0.34

Teicoplanin

11.8

9.5

0.001

Carbapenems

33.4

35.4

0.06

Meropenem

26.3

31.6

< 0.001

Imipenem

9.1

4.9

< 0.001

Others

 Cefotaxim

40.1

31.1

< 0.001

 Metronidazol

6.4

5.4

0.05

 Erythromycin

11.8

9.3

0.001

 Fluconazol

4.4

9.5

< 0.001

 Amphothericin B

1.7

3.5

< 0.001

  1. Exposure to anti-infective drugs was defined as treatment of preterm infants (number of neonates who got any dose of the according anti-infective drug; denomination: number of infants admitted and enrolled in GNN) for clinical suspicion of infection during the initial stay in hospital
  2. # Fisher’s exact test (two-sided). All Table 4 data is based on infants enrolled in the GNN