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Table 1 Patient characteristics and outcomes according to their Klebsiella pneumoniae status

From: Clinical impact of endemic NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in intensive care units of the national referral hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia

 

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

p value

220

70

22

63

37

 

Age (years), median (IQR)

46 (33–58)

49 (33–58)

31.5 (25–49)

50 (38–58)

47 (35.5–62)

0.036

Gender (%)

     

0.533

 Male

108 (49.1)

35 (50)

13 (59.1)

35 (55.6)

23 (62.2)

 

 Female

112 (50.9)

35 (50)

9 (40.9)

28 (44.4)

14 (37.8)

 

Underlying diseases (%)

 Cardiovascular

     

0.556

  Yes

10 (4.5)

64 (91.4)

1 (4.5)

5 (7.9)

3 (8.1)

 

  No

210 (95.5)

6 (8.6)

21 (95.5)

58 (92.1)

34 (91.9)

 

 Cerebrovascular

     

0.026

  Yes

11 (5.0)

2 (2.9)

3 (13.6)

8 (12.7)

5 (13.5)

 

  No

209 (95.0)

68 (97.1)

19 (86.4)

55 (87.3)

32 (86.5)

 

 Chronic kidney disease

     

0.068

  Yes

17 (7.7)

7 (10.0)

0

1 (1.6)

0

 

  No

203 (92.3)

63 (70.0)

22 (100)

62 (98.4)

37 (100.0)

 

 Diabetes mellitus

     

0.138

  Yes

12 (5.5)

10 (14.3)

1 (4.5)

6 (9.5)

4 (10.8)

 

  No

208 (94.5)

60 (85.7)

21 (95.5)

57 (90.5)

33 (89.2)

 

 Malignancy

     

0.717

  Yes

68 (30.9)

20 (28.6)

4 (18.2)

16 (25.4)

10 (27.0)

 

  No

152 (69.1)

50 (71.4)

18 (81.8)

47 (74.6)

27 (73.0)

 

 Indication for ICU admission (%)

     

0.005

  Medical

64 (29.1)

21 (30.0)

10 (45.5)

23 (36.5)

22 (59.5)

 

  Surgical

156 (70.9)

49 (70.0)

12 (54.5)

40 (63.5)

15 (40.5)

 

 Referral from (%)

     

0.378

  Other ward this hospital

115 (52.3)

36 (51.4)

15 (68.2)

33 (52.4)

23 (62.2)

 

  Other hospital

40 (18.2)

14 (20.0)

2 (9.1)

11 (17.5)

10 (27.0)

 

  Directly from Emergency Unit

65 (29.5)

20 (28.6)

5 (22.7)

19 (30.2)

4 (10.8)

 

Antibiotic exposure (pre-ICU admission)

 Any antibiotic (%)

163 (74.1)

54 (77.1)

18 (81.8)

44 (69.8)

32 (86.5)

0.365

 Carbapenem (%)

44 (20.0)

3 (4.3)

7 (31.8)

12 (19.0)

13 (35.1)

< 0.001

SIRS Score, (%)

     

0.598

 Score > 2

200 (91.0)

63 (70.0)

22 (100.0)

59 (93.7)

33 (89.2)

 

 Score < 2

20 (9.0)

7 (10.0)

0

4 (6.3)

4 (10.8)

 

qSOFA Score, (%)

     

0.971

 Score ≥ 2

179 (81.4)

56 (80.0)

17 (77.3)

51 (81.0)

31 (83.2)

 

 Score < 2

41 (18.6)

14 (20.0)

5 (22.7)

12 (19.0)

6 (16.2)

 

Procedures (during ICU admission)

Mechanical ventilation used (%)

199 (90.5)

59 (84.3)

20 (90.9)

57 (90.5)

36 (97.3)

0.314

Mechanical ventilation (days)

     

< 0.001

  ≥ 5 days

74 (33.6)

30 (42.9)

12 (54.5)

34 (54.0)

32 (86.5)

 

  < 5 days

146 (66.4)

40 (57.1)

10 (45.5)

29 (46.0)

5 (13.5)

 

Central venous catheter used (%)

193 (87.7)

62 (88.6)

19 (86.4)

53 (84.1)

36 (97.3)

0.343

Central venous catheter (days)

     

< 0.001

  ≥ 5 days

96 (43.6)

40 (57.1)

12 (54.5)

42 (66.7)

33 (89.2)

 

  < 5 days

124 (56.4)

30 (42.9)

10 (45.5)

21 (33.3)

4 (10.8)

 

Urinary catheter (%)

220 (100.0)

70 (100.0)

22 (100.0)

63 (100.0)

37 (100.0)

NA

Urinary catheter (days) median (IQR)

  ≥ 5 days

112 (50.9)

44 (62.9)

15 (68.2)

46 (73.0)

34 (91.9)

< 0.001

  < 5 days

108 (49.1)

26 (37.1)

7 (31.8)

17 (27.0)

3 (8.1)

 

Antibiotic therapy (during ICU admission)

 Any antibiotic (%)

217 (98.2)

70 (100.0)

21 (95.5)

62 (98.4)

36 (100.0)

0.474

 Carbapenem (%)

110 (49.8)

26 (37.1)

13 (59.1)

29 (46.0)

21 (58.3)

0.179

Outcomes

 Length of stay (days), median (IQR)

4 (2–6)

5 (3–9)

6 (3–13)

7 (4–13)

11 (8–20)

< 0.001

 Death (%)

67 (30.3)

17 (24.3)

8 (36.4)

11 (17.5)

16 (44.4)

0.054

  1. Abbreviations: ICU Intensive Care Unit; IQR Interquartile range; NS Non-Susceptible; qSOFA quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; SIRS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; S Susceptible
  2. Group 1: No K. pneumoniae on admission and negative for K. pneumoniae during ICU admission
  3. Group 2: Carbapenem-S K. pneumoniae on admission, no carbapenem-NS K. pneumoniae acquisition during ICU admission
  4. Group 3: Carbapenem-NS K. pneumoniae on admission, considered as positive during ICU admission (regardless of results of follow-up cultures)
  5. Group 4: No K. pneumoniae on admission, acquisition of carbapenem-S K. pneumoniae during ICU admission
  6. Group 5: Either no K. pneumoniae or carbapenem-S K. pneumoniae on admission, acquisition of carbapenem-NS K. pneumoniae during ICU admission
  7. Significance was calculated using One-way ANOVA, Pearson Chi Square and Fisher’s Exact Test
  8. A p-value less than 0.01 was considered statistically significant