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Table 2 Pooled risk factors for QREC infections

From: Risk factors for quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Risk factors

No. of studies

No. of case/control

Meta-analysis

Model

Test of heterogeneity

OR (95% CI)

p value

I2

p value

Demographic factors

 Age (>  65 years)

3

144/457

2.42 (0.45, 12.97)

0.30

R

86%

<  0.001

 Gender (male)

18

1155/4437

1.41 (1.21, 1.64)

<  0.001a

F

33%

0.09

 Race (white)

4

301/1290

1.19 (0.57, 2.48)

0.65

R

85%

<  0.001

Comorbidities

 Cancer

12

722/1886

1.66 (0.96, 2.85)

0.07

R

75%

<  0.001

 Hepatic cirrhosis

3

127/214

2.05 (0.99, 4.24)

0.05

F

7%

0.34

 Diabetes mellitus

18

1598/62968

1.62 (1.43, 1.83)

<  0.001

F

24%

0.17

 HIV/AIDS

3

189/1061

2.89 (0.54, 15.34)

0.21

R

54%

0.11

 Cerebrovascular accident

4

329/860

1.60 (0.75, 3.44)

0.22

R

68%

0.02

 Cardiovascular disease

4

351/756

1.76 (1.02, 3.04)

0.04

R

69%

0.02

 Neurogenic bladder

2

238/411

8.66 (5.68, 13.19)

<  0.001

F

0

0.55

 Renal dyfunction

11

768/3117

2.47 (1.44, 4.23)

0.001

F

78%

<  0.001

 Transplantation

3

164/504

2.37 (1.17, 4.79)

0.02

F

19%

0.29

 Urinary tract abnormality

3

269/780

1.85 (1.37, 2.49)

<  0.001

F

0

0.70

 Dementia

2

202/251

5.83 (2.33, 14.60)

<  0.001

F

0

0.89

 COPD

6

332/916

1.30 (0.81, 2.09)

0.27

F

0

0.55

 Congestive heart failure

2

93/183

5.63 (1.27, 25.10)

0.02

F

0

0.97

 Autoimmune disease

3

242/601

1.06 (0.20, 5.50)

0.95

R

54%

0.12

 Connective tissue disease

2

128/284

0.47 (0.10, 2.19)

0.34

F

0

0.56

 Gastrointestinal disease

2

239/456

1.19 (0.61, 2.34)

0.61

R

57%

0.13

 Neurologic disease

2

128/284

2.80 (1.71, 4.57)

<  0.001

F

0

0.77

 Hypertension

2

217/514

2.70 (0.94, 7.76)

0.07

R

84%

0.01

 Respiratory disease

3

172/789

2.08 (0.56, 7.74)

0.27

R

82%

0.004

Present treatments

 Immunosuppressive drugs

9

499/1328

2.02 (1.43, 2.85)

<  0.001

F

18%

0.28

 Urinary catheter

15

1119/2958

4.39 (2.81, 6.85)

<  0.001

R

68%

<  0.001

 Surgery

4

303/456

1.76 (0.42, 7.43)

0.44

R

90%

<  0.001

 Nursing home resident

5

315/1075

4.63 (1.62, 13.26)

0.004

R

61%

0.03

Prior treatments

 Prior surgery

6

417/1050

2.54 (1.28, 5.04)

0.008

R

68%

0.008

 Prior quinolones

20

1626/63382

7.67 (4.79, 12.26)

<  0.001

R

88%

<  0.001

 Prior other antibiotics

21

1726/63862

2.74 (1.92, 3.92)

<  0.001

R

84%

<  0.001

 Prior urinary catheter

2

81/355

2.01 (0.35,11.48)

0.43

R

74%

0.05

 Prior UTI

14

939/2402

2.79 (2.32, 3.36)

<  0.001

R

73%

<  0.001

 Prior hospitalization

16

1448/62158

2.06 (1.62, 2.60)

<  0.001

R

53%

0.009

Acquisition

 Nosocomial

7

307/1245

2.35 (1.47, 3.75)

<  0.001

R

56%

0.03

Infection sources

 Urinary tract

3

137/636

0.78 (0.28, 2.19)

0.64

R

81%

0.006

 Intra-abdominal

2

110/582

0.88 (0.53, 1.46)

0.62

F

0

0.95

 Respiratory tract infection

2

80/160

1.55 (0.51, 4.66)

0.44

F

0

0.74

  1. a Statistically significant values (p ≤ 0.05)
  2. Abbreviations: QREC quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli, OR odds ratio, R random effect model, F fixed effect model, HIV/AIDS human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, UTI urinary tract infection