Risk factors | No. of studies | No. of case/control | Meta-analysis | Model | Test of heterogeneity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p value | I2 | p value | ||||
Demographic factors | |||||||
 Age (>  65 years) | 3 | 144/457 | 2.42 (0.45, 12.97) | 0.30 | R | 86% | <  0.001 |
 Gender (male) | 18 | 1155/4437 | 1.41 (1.21, 1.64) | <  0.001a | F | 33% | 0.09 |
 Race (white) | 4 | 301/1290 | 1.19 (0.57, 2.48) | 0.65 | R | 85% | <  0.001 |
Comorbidities | |||||||
 Cancer | 12 | 722/1886 | 1.66 (0.96, 2.85) | 0.07 | R | 75% | <  0.001 |
 Hepatic cirrhosis | 3 | 127/214 | 2.05 (0.99, 4.24) | 0.05 | F | 7% | 0.34 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 18 | 1598/62968 | 1.62 (1.43, 1.83) | <  0.001 | F | 24% | 0.17 |
 HIV/AIDS | 3 | 189/1061 | 2.89 (0.54, 15.34) | 0.21 | R | 54% | 0.11 |
 Cerebrovascular accident | 4 | 329/860 | 1.60 (0.75, 3.44) | 0.22 | R | 68% | 0.02 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 4 | 351/756 | 1.76 (1.02, 3.04) | 0.04 | R | 69% | 0.02 |
 Neurogenic bladder | 2 | 238/411 | 8.66 (5.68, 13.19) | <  0.001 | F | 0 | 0.55 |
 Renal dyfunction | 11 | 768/3117 | 2.47 (1.44, 4.23) | 0.001 | F | 78% | <  0.001 |
 Transplantation | 3 | 164/504 | 2.37 (1.17, 4.79) | 0.02 | F | 19% | 0.29 |
 Urinary tract abnormality | 3 | 269/780 | 1.85 (1.37, 2.49) | <  0.001 | F | 0 | 0.70 |
 Dementia | 2 | 202/251 | 5.83 (2.33, 14.60) | <  0.001 | F | 0 | 0.89 |
 COPD | 6 | 332/916 | 1.30 (0.81, 2.09) | 0.27 | F | 0 | 0.55 |
 Congestive heart failure | 2 | 93/183 | 5.63 (1.27, 25.10) | 0.02 | F | 0 | 0.97 |
 Autoimmune disease | 3 | 242/601 | 1.06 (0.20, 5.50) | 0.95 | R | 54% | 0.12 |
 Connective tissue disease | 2 | 128/284 | 0.47 (0.10, 2.19) | 0.34 | F | 0 | 0.56 |
 Gastrointestinal disease | 2 | 239/456 | 1.19 (0.61, 2.34) | 0.61 | R | 57% | 0.13 |
 Neurologic disease | 2 | 128/284 | 2.80 (1.71, 4.57) | <  0.001 | F | 0 | 0.77 |
 Hypertension | 2 | 217/514 | 2.70 (0.94, 7.76) | 0.07 | R | 84% | 0.01 |
 Respiratory disease | 3 | 172/789 | 2.08 (0.56, 7.74) | 0.27 | R | 82% | 0.004 |
Present treatments | |||||||
 Immunosuppressive drugs | 9 | 499/1328 | 2.02 (1.43, 2.85) | <  0.001 | F | 18% | 0.28 |
 Urinary catheter | 15 | 1119/2958 | 4.39 (2.81, 6.85) | <  0.001 | R | 68% | <  0.001 |
 Surgery | 4 | 303/456 | 1.76 (0.42, 7.43) | 0.44 | R | 90% | <  0.001 |
 Nursing home resident | 5 | 315/1075 | 4.63 (1.62, 13.26) | 0.004 | R | 61% | 0.03 |
Prior treatments | |||||||
 Prior surgery | 6 | 417/1050 | 2.54 (1.28, 5.04) | 0.008 | R | 68% | 0.008 |
 Prior quinolones | 20 | 1626/63382 | 7.67 (4.79, 12.26) | <  0.001 | R | 88% | <  0.001 |
 Prior other antibiotics | 21 | 1726/63862 | 2.74 (1.92, 3.92) | <  0.001 | R | 84% | <  0.001 |
 Prior urinary catheter | 2 | 81/355 | 2.01 (0.35,11.48) | 0.43 | R | 74% | 0.05 |
 Prior UTI | 14 | 939/2402 | 2.79 (2.32, 3.36) | <  0.001 | R | 73% | <  0.001 |
 Prior hospitalization | 16 | 1448/62158 | 2.06 (1.62, 2.60) | <  0.001 | R | 53% | 0.009 |
Acquisition | |||||||
 Nosocomial | 7 | 307/1245 | 2.35 (1.47, 3.75) | <  0.001 | R | 56% | 0.03 |
Infection sources | |||||||
 Urinary tract | 3 | 137/636 | 0.78 (0.28, 2.19) | 0.64 | R | 81% | 0.006 |
 Intra-abdominal | 2 | 110/582 | 0.88 (0.53, 1.46) | 0.62 | F | 0 | 0.95 |
 Respiratory tract infection | 2 | 80/160 | 1.55 (0.51, 4.66) | 0.44 | F | 0 | 0.74 |