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Table 3 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses of predictors for the concordant pulsotypes of paired vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization and infection isolates

From: Predictors for vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium transforming from colonization to infection: a case control study

Predictorsa

Patients infected with the concordant pulsotypes (n = 56)

Patients infected with the discordant pulsotypes (n = 41)

Univariable OR (95% CI)

P

Multivariablec OR (95% CI)

P

Demographics

 Age (y)

70.9 (60.0–78.6)

65.6 (55.2–77.4)

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

0.56

  

 Gender

30 (53.6)

18 (43.9)

1.47 (0.66–3.31)

0.35

  

Comorbid conditions at identification

 Charlson score

4.0 (2.5–5.0)

4.0 (3.0–6.0)

0.95 (0.81–1.12)

0.55

  

 Myocardial infarction

3 (5.4)

1 (2.4)

2.26 (0.23–22.59)

0.46

  

 Congestive heart failure

4 (7.1)

6 (14.6)

0.45 (0.12–1.71)

0.23

  

 Peripheral occlusive arterial disease

1 (1.8)

0 (0)

NA

NA

  

 Cerebrovascular diseases

6 (10.7)

10 (24.4)

0.37 (0.12–1.13)

0.08

0.22 (0.06–0.78)

0.02

 Hemiplegia

3 (5.4)

3 (7.3)

0.72 (0.14–3.75)

0.69

  

 Dementia

6 (10.7)

0 (0)

NA

NA

  

 Chronic pulmonary disease

4 (7.1)

3 (7.3)

0.97 (0.21–4.61)

0.97

  

 Connective tissue disease

2 (3.6)

1 (2.4)

1.48 (0.13–16.91)

0.75

  

 Peptic ulcer disease

11 (19.6)

8 (19.5)

1.01 (0.37–2.78)

0.99

  

 Mild liver diseases

6 (10.7)

8 (19.5)

0.50 (0.16–1.56)

0.23

  

 Moderate-to-severe liver diseases

5 (8.9)

2 (4.9)

1.91 (0.35–10.38)

0.44

  

 Moderate-to-severe renal diseases

22 (39.3)

17 (41.5)

0.91 (0.40–2.08)

0.83

  

 Diabetes mellitus without end organ damage

21 (37.5)

14 (34.2)

1.16 (0.50–2.69)

0.73

  

 Diabetes mellitus with end organ damage

3 (5.4)

4 (9.8)

0.52 (0.11–2.48)

0.41

  

 Solid tumor without metastases

11 (19.6)

10 (24.4)

0.76 (0.29–2.00)

0.58

  

 Metastatic solid tumor

4 (7.1)

3 (7.3)

0.97 (0.21–4.61)

0.97

  

 Leukemia

8 (14.3)

9 (22.0)

0.59 (0.21–1.70)

0.33

  

 Lymphoma

2 (3.6)

2 (4.9)

0.72 (0.10–5.35)

0.75

  

 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1 (1.8)

0 (0)

NA

NA

  

Healthcare factors within 30 days before EOF

 Receipt of solid organ transplantation

0 (0)

0 (0)

NA

NA

  

 Receipt of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

1 (1.8)

2 (4.9)

0.35 (0.03–4.05)

0.40

  

 New receipt of hemodialysis

10 (17.9)

5 (12.2)

1.57 (0.49–4.99)

0.45

  

 ICU admission

45 (80.4)

20 (48.8)

4.30 (1.75–10.56)

0.001

3.74 (1.38–10.13)

0.009

 GI intervention

9 (16.1)

4 (9.8)

1.77 (0.51–6.21)

0.37

  

 Steroid use

26 (46.4)

24 (58.5)

0.61 (0.27–1.38)

0.24

  

 Chemotherapy

8 (14.3)

10 (24.4)

0.52 (0.18–1.45)

0.21

  

 Parental hyperalimentation

25 (44.6)

15 (36.6)

1.40 (0.61–3.19)

0.42

  

 Neutropenia

9 (16.1)

5 (12.2)

1.38 (0.43–4.47)

0.59

  

 Mechanical ventilator

34 (60.7)

15 (36.6)

2.68 (1.17–6.15)

0.02

  

 Indwelling urinary catheter

25 (44.6)

13 (31.7)

1.74 (0.75–4.03)

0.20

  

 Central venous catheters

51 (91.1)

36 (87.8)

1.42 (0.38–5.26)

0.60

  

Antibiotics use within 30 days before EOF

 Antipseudomonal penicillin

12 (21.4)

8 (19.5)

1.13 (0.41–3.06)

0.82

  

 Penicillins combined with β-lactamases inhibitors

0 (0)

2 (4.9)

NA

NA

  

 First-generation cephalosporin

0 (0)

0 (0)

NA

NA

  

 Second-generation cephalosporin

4 (7.1)

2 (4.9)

1.50 (0.26–8.60)

0.65

  

 Third-generation cephalosporin

16 (28.6)

16 (39.0)

0.63 (0.27–1.47)

0.28

  

 Fourth-generation cephalosporin

18 (32.4)

11 (26.8)

1.29 (0.53–3.15)

0.57

  

 Carbapenem

24 (42.9)

16 (39.0)

1.17 (0.52–2.66)

0.71

  

 Fluoroquinolone

9 (16.1)

18 (43.9)

0.24 (0.10–0.63)

0.003

0.35 (0.12–1.02)

0.05

 Metronidazole

4 (7.1)

3 (7.3)

0.97 (0.21–4.61)

0.97

  

 Aminoglycoside

6 (10.7)

2 (4.9)

2.34 (0.45–12.24)

0.31

  

 Glycopeptide

12 (21.4)

17 (41.5)

0.39 (0.16–0.94)

0.04

  

 Tigecycline

2 (3.6)

1 (2.4)

1.48 (0.13–16.91)

0.75

  

 Daptomycin

5 (8.9)

3 (7.3)

1.24 (0.28–5.52)

0.78

  

 Linezolid

8 (14.3)

6 (14.6)

0.97 (0.31–3.05)

0.96

  

 SXT

4 (7.1)

5 (12.2)

0.55 (0.14–2.21)

0.40

  

 Othersb

9 (16.1)

10 (24.4)

0.59 (0.22–1.63)

0.31

  

Infection type

 BSI vs. other types of infection

24 (42.9)

16 (39.0)

1.17 (0.52–2.66)

0.71

  

 Early infection

36 (64.3)

13 (31.7)

3.88 (1.64–9.12)

0.001

3.34 (1.25–8.91)

0.02

 Common PFTs of colonization isolatesd

18 (32.1)

16 (39.2)

0.74 (0.32–1.72)

0.48

  
  1. Abbreviations: IQR interquartile range, OR odds ratios, CI confidence interval, NA not applicable, ICU intensive care unit, EOF end of follow-up, SXT Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, BSI bloodstream infections, PFTs pulsotypes
  2. aData are median values (interquartile range) for continuous variables and number of cases (percentage) for categorical variables. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables, and χ2 or Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical variables
  3. bOther antimicrobials: numbers of patients receiving of colistin, penicillin, macrolides, and clindamycin were 3, 4, 2, and 2 in case group, and 7, 1, 1, and 1 in control group. A patient may receive more than one antibiotic within 30 days before end of follow-up
  4. cPearson goodness-of-fit test P = 0.5574 > 0.05 (df = 15); Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test P = 0.5578 > 0.05 (df = 7)
  5. dCommon PFTs consist of PFT 1, PFT 6, PFT 16, PFT 23, and PFT 28
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Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

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