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Table 3 Analysis of risk factors associated with CR and Non-CR cases

From: Epidemiology of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Egyptian intensive care units using National Healthcare–associated Infections Surveillance Data, 2011–2017

Characteristics

Total Enterobacteriaceae HAI cases(N = 1598) n %

CRE cases (N = 871) n %

CSE cases (N = 727) n %

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Specimen Type

< 0.001a

 Blood

655

41.0

409

47.0

246

33.8

Reference

 

 Respiratory*

346

21.7

180

20.7

166

22.8

0.65 (0.5–0.85)

0.001b

 Urine

236

14.8

117

13.4

119

16.4

0.59 (0.44–0.8)

0.001 b

 Tissue or Wound

361

22.6

165

18.9

196

27.0

0.51 (0.39–0.66)

0.001 b

Type of Enterobacteriaceae Pathogen

< 0.001 a

 Klebsiella

1177

73.7

741

85.1

436

60.0

Reference

 

 Enterobacter

78

4.9

41

4.7

37

5.1

0.65 (0.41–1.03)

0.068 b

 E-coli

343

21.5

89

10.2

254

34.9

0.21 (0.16–0.27)

< 0.00 b

Age, years, median (IQR)

28 (1–58)

19 (1–55)

37 (1–61)

0.87 (0.79–0.97)

0.007 a

Patient Sex

0.4 a

 Male

859

53.7

475

54.5

384

52.8

Reference

 

 Female

739

46.3

396

45.5

343

47.2

1.07 (0.88–1.31)

 

Hospital Type

< 0.001 a

 General

433

27.1

248

28.5

185

25.5

Reference

 

 Medical

242

15.1

109

12.5

133

18.3

0.61 (0.45–0.84)

0.002 b

 Obstetrics

362

22.7

234

26.9

128

17.6

1.36 (1.12–1.82)

0.03 b

 Pediatrics

208

13.0

126

14.5

82

11.3

1.15 (0.82–1.61)

0.42 b

 Surgical

353

22.1

154

17.7

199

27.4

0.58 (0.43–0.77)

0.001 b

Hospital Size

< 0.001 a

  > =501

630

39.4

317

36.4

313

43.1

Reference

 

 201–500

602

37.7

307

35.3

295

40.6

1.03 (0.82–1.28)

0.81 b

  < =200

366

22.9

247

28.4

119

16.4

2.05 (1.57–2.68)

0.001 b

ICU Category

< 0.001 a

 Surgical CC

335

21.0

166

19.1

169

23.3

Reference

 

 Burn CC

54

3.4

13

1.5

41

5.6

0.32 (0.17–0.62)

0.001 b

 Medical CC

50

3.1

26

3.0

24

3.3

1.1 (0.61–2)

0.75 b

 Medical CC

160

10.0

69

7.9

91

12.5

0.77 (0.53–1.13)

0.18 b

 Medical Neurological Care

26

1.6

9

1.0

17

2.3

0.54 (0.23–1.24)

0.15 b

 Medical/Surgical CC

169

10.6

103

11.8

66

9.1

1.59 (1.09–2.31)

0.01 b

 NICU

419

26.2

288

33.1

131

18.0

2.24 (1.66–3.01)

0.001 b

 Neurosurgical Critical Care

101

6.3

48

5.5

53

7.3

0.92 (0.59–1.44)

0.72 b

 Ped. Medical Critical Care

77

4.8

40

4.6

37

5.1

1.1 (0.67–1.81)

0.71 b

 Pediatric Cardiothoracic CC

20

1.3

17

2.0

3

0.4

5.77 (1.66–20.05)

0.006 b

 Prenatal/Surgical

33

2.1

15

1.7

18

2.5

0.85 (0.41–1.74)

0.65 b

 Respiratory CC

44

2.8

25

2.9

19

2.6

1.34 (0.71–2.52)

0.36 b

 Surgical Cardiothoracic CC

29

1.8

8

0.9

21

2.9

0.39 (0.17–0.9)

0.02 b

 Trauma CC

81

5.1

44

5.1

37

5.1

1.21 (0.74–1.97)

0.44 b

Hospitalized prior to ICU admission

0.008 a

 No

428

26.8

210

24.1

218

30.0

Reference

 

 Yes

1.170

73.2

661

75.9

509

70.0

1.35 (1.1–1.68)

 

Surgical Procedure during hospital admission

< 0.001 a

 No

972

60.8

561

64.4

411

56.5

Reference

 

 Yes

626

39.2

310

35.6

316

43.5

0.72 (0.59–0.88)

 

Mechanical ventilation

 No

713

44.6

377

43.3

336

46.2

Reference

0.08a

 Yes

885

55.4

494

56.7

391

53.8

1.13 (0.92–1.37)

 

Urinary Catheter

< 0.001 a

 No

579

36.2

374

42.9

205

28.2

Reference

 

 Yes

1.019

63.8

497

57.1

522

71.8

0.52 (0.42–0.64)

 

Central Line

0.89 a

 No

537

33.6

294

33.7

243

33.4

Reference

 

 Yes

1.061

66.4

577

66.3

484

66.6

0.99 (0.8–1.21)

 

LOS in ICU prior to specimen collection, median, days, (IQR)

7 (3–13)

8 (3–15)

5 (2–11)

1.31 (1.1–2.1)

< 0.001 a

Patient outcome

< 0.001 a

 Discharged/ Transferred

690

43.2

339

38.9

351

48.3

Reference

 

 Died

908

56.8

532

61.1

376

51.7

1.46 (1.2–1.79)

 
  1. a p-value generated using chi-square test or 2-tailed Fisher Exact test for categorical variables and Student t test or Mann–Whitney test, dependent on the validity of normality assumption for continuous variables
  2. b p-values generated using the logistic regression for specific categories of non-dichotomous variables
  3. c Include: Deep Tracheal Aspirate & BAL: Broncho alveolar lavage
  4. d includes both hospital where Enterobacteriaceae HAI occurred and other hospitals