From: Knowledge and use of antibiotics in six ethnic groups: the HELIUS study
Univariable | Multivariable excluding variables on antibiotic-related behavior | Multivariable including variables on antibiotic-related behavior | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | P-values | aOR | (95% CI) | P-values | aOR | (95% CI) | P-values | |
Sociodemographics | |||||||||
Ethnicity | <.001 | <.001 | .004 | ||||||
Dutch | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
South-Asian Surinamese | |||||||||
1st generation | 1.57 | 1.33–1.85 | 1.05 | 0.86–1.27 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.26 | |||
2nd generation | 1.05 | 0.79–1.38 | 0.95 | 0.71–1.28 | 0.92 | 0.68–1.24 | |||
African Surinamese | |||||||||
1st generation | 1.15 | 0.98–1.35 | 0.89 | 0.75–1.07 | 0.88 | 0.73–1.05 | |||
2nd generation | 1.14 | 0.87–1.50 | 1.02 | 0.76–1.36 | 0.96 | 0.71–1.29 | |||
Ghanaian | |||||||||
1st generation | 1.53 | 1.30–1.81 | 1.38 | 1.14–1.68 | 1.28 | 1.05–1.56 | |||
2nd generation | 1.81 | 1.09–3.01 | 1.92 | 1.12–3.27 | 1.64 | 0.94–2.87 | |||
Turkish | |||||||||
1st generation | 1.84 | 1.58–2.15 | 1.07 | 0.88–1.31 | 1.00 | 0.82–1.22 | |||
2nd generation | 1.27 | 1.02–1.57 | 1.02 | 0.80–1.30 | 1.01 | 0.79–1.29 | |||
Moroccan | |||||||||
1st generation | 1.81 | 1.55–2.11 | 1.22 | 1.00–1.49 | 1.15 | 0.94–1.41 | |||
2nd generation | 1.14 | 0.92–1.41 | 0.93 | 0.73–1.19 | 0.89 | 0.69–1.14 | |||
Female sex | 1.91 | 1.75–2.08 | <.001 | 1.77 | 1.60–1.95 | <.001 | 1.70 | 1.54–1.88 | <.001 |
Age | <.001 | ||||||||
< 25 years | Ref | ||||||||
25–34 years | 1.04 | 0.87–1.24 | |||||||
35–44 years | 1.28 | 1.09–1.50 | |||||||
45–54 years | 1.34 | 1.15–1.56 | |||||||
55–64 years | 1.42 | 1.21–1.66 | |||||||
≥ 65 years | 1.59 | 1.29–1.96 | |||||||
Educational level | <.001 | .005 | .001 | ||||||
Unknown | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
No school/elementary school | 1.41 | 0.95–2.09 | 1.55 | 0.93–2.58 | 1.55 | 0.87–2.75 | |||
Lower vocational/lower secondary school | 1.05 | 0.71–1.55 | 1.50 | 0.90–2.50 | 1.47 | 0.83–2.60 | |||
Intermediate vocational/ intermediate secondary school | 0.93 | 0.63–1.39 | 1.43 | 0.86–2.39 | 1.38 | 0.78–2.44 | |||
Higher vocational/university | 0.66 | 0.44–0.99 | 1.18 | 0.71–1.99 | 1.12 | 0.63–2..00 | |||
Marital status | <.001 | ||||||||
Married/registered partnership | Ref | ||||||||
Cohabiting | 0.66 | 0.56–0.77 | |||||||
Unmarried/never married | 0.78 | 0.71–0.86 | |||||||
Divorced/separated | 1.14 | 1.02–1.27 | |||||||
Widow/widower | 1.26 | 0.98–1.64 | |||||||
Health status | |||||||||
Self-reported medical conditions (previous 12 months) | |||||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 1.75 | 1.56–1.96 | <.001 | 1.29 | 1.13–1.47 | <.001 | 1.30 | 1.13–1.48 | <.001 |
CVA/one-sided loss of bodily function ≤1 day | 1.38 | 1.18–1.62 | <.001 | ||||||
MI incl. ≥half hour chest pain or dotter/bypass operation | 1.78 | 1.60–1.98 | <.001 | 1.28 | 1.13–1.45 | <.001 | 1.24 | 1.09–1.40 | .001 |
Severe heart condition | 1.45 | 1.18–1.79 | .001 | ||||||
Malignant disorder | 1.93 | 1.52–2.47 | <.001 | 1.33 | 1.02–1.74 | .037 | |||
Severe or chronic fatigue | 1.86 | 1.71–2.02 | <.001 | 1.20 | 1.08–1.33 | .001 | 1.16 | 1.04–1.29 | .008 |
High blood pressure | 1.36 | 1.25–1.49 | <.001 | ||||||
Artery stenosis | 1.46 | 1.25–1.70 | <.001 | 0.80 | 0.67–0.96 | .014 | 0.77 | 0.64–0.92 | .004 |
Respiratory diseases | 2.19 | 1.96–2.44 | <.001 | 1.66 | 1.47–1.87 | <.001 | 1.59 | 1.41–1.81 | <.001 |
Serious/persistent intestinal disorders | 1.87 | 1.64–2.12 | <.001 | 1.24 | 1.07–1.43 | .004 | 1.22 | 1.05–1.41 | .009 |
Psoriasis | 1.28 | 1.05–1.56 | .015 | ||||||
(Chronic) eczema | 1.30 | 1.15–1.47 | <.001 | ||||||
Incontinence | 2.08 | 1.85–2.35 | <.001 | 1.32 | 1.15–1.52 | <.001 | 1.32 | 1.15–1.52 | <.001 |
Body Mass Index | <.001 | ||||||||
< 18.5 | Ref | ||||||||
18.5–25 | 1.03 | 0.72–1.46 | |||||||
25–30 | 1.24 | 0.87–1.76 | |||||||
30–40 | 1.64 | 1.15–2.33 | |||||||
≥ 40 | 1.97 | 1.31–2.97 | |||||||
Smoking | .184 | <.001 | .003 | ||||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
No, never | 0.99 | 0.90–1.09 | 0.78 | 0.69–0.87 | 0.82 | 0.72–0.92 | |||
No, but ever | 0.90 | 0.80–1.02 | 0.91 | 0.79–1.04 | 0.93 | 0.81–1.07 | |||
Alcohol usage | <.001 | .017 | .012 | ||||||
Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Not in previous 12 months | 0.88 | 0.77–1.02 | 0.96 | 0.82–1.12 | 0.95 | 0.81–1.12 | |||
Monthly or less | 0.68 | 0.61–0.77 | 0.83 | 0.72–0.95 | 0.82 | 0.71–0.94 | |||
2–4 times per month | 0.73 | 0.64–0.83 | 0.93 | 0.79–1.09 | 0.92 | 0.78–1.08 | |||
2–3 times per week | 0.64 | 0.55–0.75 | 0.92 | 0.76–1.10 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.08 | |||
≥ 4 times per week | 0.48 | 0.39–0.58 | 0.70 | 0.55–0.88 | 0.68 | 0.54–0.86 | |||
Difficulty with Dutch language | <.001 | ||||||||
No | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 1.32 | 1.21–1.43 | |||||||
Not applicable | 0.80 | 0.71–0.91 | |||||||
Perceived health | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | ||||||
Excellent | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Very good | 1.09 | 0.86–1.37 | 1.05 | 0.83–1.34 | 1.03 | 0.80–1.31 | |||
Good | 1.55 | 1.27–1.90 | 1.22 | 0.99–1.51 | 1.20 | 0.97–1.49 | |||
Mediocre | 2.47 | 2.01–3.04 | 1.37 | 1.09–1.72 | 1.32 | 1.05–1.67 | |||
Bad | 3.85 | 3.02–4.91 | 1.69 | 1.28–2.23 | 1.59 | 1.20–2.11 | |||
Antibiotic-related behavior | |||||||||
Higher antibiotic knowledge | <.001 | ||||||||
No | Ref | ||||||||
Yes | 0.77 | 0.71–0.84 | |||||||
Ever asked GP for antibiotics | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||
No, never | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes, regularly | 4.72 | 3.59–6.21 | 3.07 | 2.28–4.14 | |||||
Yes, occasionally | 2.42 | 2.20–2.66 | 2.11 | 1.91–2.34 | |||||
Did not finish treatment | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||
Always finished or no antibiotics | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes, regularly | 2.70 | 2.02–3.62 | 1.80 | 1.29–2.50 | |||||
Yes, occasionally | 1.62 | 1.45–1.83 | 1.32 | 1.16–1.50 |