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Table 4 Variables associated with having received ≥1 antibiotic prescription in the year prior to HELIUS visit in participants linked to AHD (N = 15,007) (logistic regression analysis)

From: Knowledge and use of antibiotics in six ethnic groups: the HELIUS study

 

Univariable

Multivariable excluding variables on antibiotic-related behavior

Multivariable including variables on antibiotic-related behavior

OR

(95% CI)

P-values

aOR

(95% CI)

P-values

aOR

(95% CI)

P-values

Sociodemographics

 Ethnicity

  

<.001

  

<.001

  

.004

  Dutch

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  South-Asian Surinamese

   1st generation

1.57

1.33–1.85

 

1.05

0.86–1.27

 

1.04

0.85–1.26

 

   2nd generation

1.05

0.79–1.38

 

0.95

0.71–1.28

 

0.92

0.68–1.24

 

  African Surinamese

   1st generation

1.15

0.98–1.35

 

0.89

0.75–1.07

 

0.88

0.73–1.05

 

   2nd generation

1.14

0.87–1.50

 

1.02

0.76–1.36

 

0.96

0.71–1.29

 

  Ghanaian

   1st generation

1.53

1.30–1.81

 

1.38

1.14–1.68

 

1.28

1.05–1.56

 

   2nd generation

1.81

1.09–3.01

 

1.92

1.12–3.27

 

1.64

0.94–2.87

 

  Turkish

   1st generation

1.84

1.58–2.15

 

1.07

0.88–1.31

 

1.00

0.82–1.22

 

   2nd generation

1.27

1.02–1.57

 

1.02

0.80–1.30

 

1.01

0.79–1.29

 

  Moroccan

   1st generation

1.81

1.55–2.11

 

1.22

1.00–1.49

 

1.15

0.94–1.41

 

   2nd generation

1.14

0.92–1.41

 

0.93

0.73–1.19

 

0.89

0.69–1.14

 

 Female sex

1.91

1.75–2.08

<.001

1.77

1.60–1.95

<.001

1.70

1.54–1.88

<.001

  Age

  

<.001

      

    < 25 years

Ref

        

   25–34 years

1.04

0.87–1.24

       

   35–44 years

1.28

1.09–1.50

       

   45–54 years

1.34

1.15–1.56

       

   55–64 years

1.42

1.21–1.66

       

    ≥ 65 years

1.59

1.29–1.96

       

  Educational level

  

<.001

  

.005

  

.001

   Unknown

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

   No school/elementary school

1.41

0.95–2.09

 

1.55

0.93–2.58

 

1.55

0.87–2.75

 

   Lower vocational/lower secondary school

1.05

0.71–1.55

 

1.50

0.90–2.50

 

1.47

0.83–2.60

 

   Intermediate vocational/ intermediate secondary school

0.93

0.63–1.39

 

1.43

0.86–2.39

 

1.38

0.78–2.44

 

   Higher vocational/university

0.66

0.44–0.99

 

1.18

0.71–1.99

 

1.12

0.63–2..00

 

  Marital status

  

<.001

      

   Married/registered partnership

Ref

        

   Cohabiting

0.66

0.56–0.77

       

   Unmarried/never married

0.78

0.71–0.86

       

   Divorced/separated

1.14

1.02–1.27

       

   Widow/widower

1.26

0.98–1.64

       

Health status

 Self-reported medical conditions (previous 12 months)

  Diabetes mellitus

1.75

1.56–1.96

<.001

1.29

1.13–1.47

<.001

1.30

1.13–1.48

<.001

  CVA/one-sided loss of bodily function ≤1 day

1.38

1.18–1.62

<.001

      

  MI incl. ≥half hour chest pain or dotter/bypass operation

1.78

1.60–1.98

<.001

1.28

1.13–1.45

<.001

1.24

1.09–1.40

.001

  Severe heart condition

1.45

1.18–1.79

.001

      

  Malignant disorder

1.93

1.52–2.47

<.001

1.33

1.02–1.74

.037

   

  Severe or chronic fatigue

1.86

1.71–2.02

<.001

1.20

1.08–1.33

.001

1.16

1.04–1.29

.008

  High blood pressure

1.36

1.25–1.49

<.001

      

  Artery stenosis

1.46

1.25–1.70

<.001

0.80

0.67–0.96

.014

0.77

0.64–0.92

.004

  Respiratory diseases

2.19

1.96–2.44

<.001

1.66

1.47–1.87

<.001

1.59

1.41–1.81

<.001

  Serious/persistent intestinal disorders

1.87

1.64–2.12

<.001

1.24

1.07–1.43

.004

1.22

1.05–1.41

.009

  Psoriasis

1.28

1.05–1.56

.015

      

  (Chronic) eczema

1.30

1.15–1.47

<.001

      

  Incontinence

2.08

1.85–2.35

<.001

1.32

1.15–1.52

<.001

1.32

1.15–1.52

<.001

 Body Mass Index

  

<.001

      

   < 18.5

Ref

        

  18.5–25

1.03

0.72–1.46

       

  25–30

1.24

0.87–1.76

       

  30–40

1.64

1.15–2.33

       

   ≥ 40

1.97

1.31–2.97

       

 Smoking

  

.184

  

<.001

  

.003

  Yes

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  No, never

0.99

0.90–1.09

 

0.78

0.69–0.87

 

0.82

0.72–0.92

 

  No, but ever

0.90

0.80–1.02

 

0.91

0.79–1.04

 

0.93

0.81–1.07

 

 Alcohol usage

  

<.001

  

.017

  

.012

  Never

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Not in previous 12 months

0.88

0.77–1.02

 

0.96

0.82–1.12

 

0.95

0.81–1.12

 

  Monthly or less

0.68

0.61–0.77

 

0.83

0.72–0.95

 

0.82

0.71–0.94

 

  2–4 times per month

0.73

0.64–0.83

 

0.93

0.79–1.09

 

0.92

0.78–1.08

 

  2–3 times per week

0.64

0.55–0.75

 

0.92

0.76–1.10

 

0.89

0.74–1.08

 

   ≥ 4 times per week

0.48

0.39–0.58

 

0.70

0.55–0.88

 

0.68

0.54–0.86

 

 Difficulty with Dutch language

<.001

      

  No

Ref

        

  Yes

1.32

1.21–1.43

       

  Not applicable

0.80

0.71–0.91

       

 Perceived health

  

<.001

  

<.001

  

.002

  Excellent

Ref

  

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Very good

1.09

0.86–1.37

 

1.05

0.83–1.34

 

1.03

0.80–1.31

 

  Good

1.55

1.27–1.90

 

1.22

0.99–1.51

 

1.20

0.97–1.49

 

  Mediocre

2.47

2.01–3.04

 

1.37

1.09–1.72

 

1.32

1.05–1.67

 

  Bad

3.85

3.02–4.91

 

1.69

1.28–2.23

 

1.59

1.20–2.11

 

Antibiotic-related behavior

 Higher antibiotic knowledge

  

<.001

      

  No

Ref

        

  Yes

0.77

0.71–0.84

       

 Ever asked GP for antibiotics

  

<.001

     

<.001

  No, never

Ref

     

Ref

  

  Yes, regularly

4.72

3.59–6.21

    

3.07

2.28–4.14

 

  Yes, occasionally

2.42

2.20–2.66

    

2.11

1.91–2.34

 

 Did not finish treatment

  

<.001

     

<.001

  Always finished or no antibiotics

Ref

     

Ref

  

  Yes, regularly

2.70

2.02–3.62

    

1.80

1.29–2.50

 

  Yes, occasionally

1.62

1.45–1.83

    

1.32

1.16–1.50

 
  1. Abbreviations: OR Odds Ratio, aOR adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, CVA Cerebro Vascular Accident, MI Myocardial infarction, GP General Practitioner