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Table 1 Input parameter base-case values, plausible ranges and distributions

From: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) screening and isolation in the general medicine ward: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Variable

Base-case value

Range

Range Type

Standard Error

Distribution

Source

VRE-Related Parameters

 Beta, basic reproductive number

1.32

1.03–1.46

Full

0.12

Gamma

Satilmis 2016 [13]

 VRE prevalence, general

0.023

0–0.18

Full

0.001

Beta

Williams 2015 [14]

 VRE prevalence, high-risk patients

0.092

0–0.36

Plausible

0.002

Beta

Conly 2001 [15]

 LOS | without VRE infection, days

3

1.0–6.0

Full (IQR)

0.38

Gamma

Johnstone 2018 [2]

 LOS | other VRE infection, days

6

1.0–6.0

Full (IQR)

0.77

Gamma

Assumption; Johnstone 2018 [2]

 LOS | VRE-bacteremia, days

39

22.0–81.0

Full (IQR)

4.97

Gamma

Johnstone 2018 [2]

Screening Parameters

 Sensitivity, rectal swab

0.991

0.95–1.00

Full

0.02

Beta

Stamper 2010 [16]

 Specificity, rectal swab

0.949

0.92–0.97

Full

0.01

Beta

Stamper 2010 [16]

 Effectiveness of isolation

1.00

0.75–1.00

Plausible

–

 

Assumption

 Discount rate, annual

0.015

0–0.03

Full

–

–

CADTH 2017 [11]

Patient Parameters and Transition Probabilities

 Average age high-risk, years

61

–

–

1.15

Normal

Johnstone 2018 [2]

 Probability infected | colonised

0.025

0.018–0.031

Plausible

0.003

Beta

Williams 2015 [14]

 Probability bacteremia | infected

0.155

0.12–0.19

Plausible

0.02

Beta

Saunders 2004 [17]

 Odds ratio bacteremia | infected, high-risk

1.55

0.56–4.29

Full

1.68

Lognormal

Johnstone 2018 [2]

 Average days of treatment for BSI

14

11–18

Plausible

1.79

Gamma

Daneman 2016 [18]

 Average days of treatment for other infections

7

5–9

Plausible

0.89

Gamma

Daneman 2016 [18]

 Probability of death from VRE bacteremia, average, 14 days

0.37

0.27–0.46

Plausible

0.05

Beta

Billington 2014 [19]

 Probability of death from VRE bacteremia, high-risk, 14 days

0.46

0.35–0.58

Plausible

0.06

Beta

Linden 1996 [20]

 Number of room visits by all HCW, per day

24

18–30

Plausible

3.06

Normal

Assumption

Costs

 Rectal swab screen

3.13

2.35–3.91

Plausible

0.40

Gamma

Muto 2002 [9]

 Culture, positive test

21.36

16.02–26.7

Plausible

2.72

Gamma

Muto 2002 [9]

 Culture, negative test

8.97

6.73–11.21

Plausible

1.14

Gamma

Muto 2002 [9]

 PPE, per room visit

2.10

1.58–2.63

Plausible

0.27

Gamma

Muto 2002 [9]

 Nurse time, per test

7.12

5.34–8.9

Plausible

0.91

Gamma

Muto 2002 [9]

 Private room, daily

290

245–410

Full

–

–

St. Joseph’s Hospital 2017 [21]

 Antibiotics, bacteremia, daily

524.22

393.17–655.28

Plausible

66.87

Gamma

Nasr 2011 [22]

 Antibiotics, other infections, daily

35.8

26.85–44.75

Plausible

4.57

Gamma

Nasr 2011 [22]

Utilities

 VRE bacteremia

0.56

0.51–0.61

Full

0.023

Beta

Lee 2010 [23]

 Other local infections (UTI)

0.60

0.58–0.62

Full

0.01

Beta

Haran 2005 [24]

 Inpatient

0.642

0.54–0.74

Full

0.05

Beta

Tengs, 2000 [25]; Selai 1995 [26]

 Mild depression, no treatment

0.88

0.84–0.92

Full

0.02

Beta

Revicki 1997 [27]

 Well, chronic conditions, recovered from previous VRE-related infection

0.86

0.34–0.89

Full

0.15

Beta

Mittmann 1999 [28]

 Well, chronic conditions, no previous VRE-related infection

0.93

0.88–0.94

Full

0.083

Beta

Mittmann 1999 [28]

  1. BSI bloodstream infection, CADTH Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health, HCW healthcare workers, IQR interquartile range, LOS length of stay, PPE personal protective equipment, UTI urinary tract infection, VRE vancomycin-resistant enterococcus