Fig. 1

The processing workflow of screening suspicious HAI. Note: WBC, white blood cell; PCT, procalcitonin; HAI, healthcare associated infection; POA, present on admission, the date of event of the site-specific infection criterion occurs on the calendar day 1 and 2 after admission. 1. Antibiotic usage upgrade: upgrade means antibiotics change from the lower to higher level, antibiotics were classified into three levels: un-restricted, restriction, special level. 2. The computer algorithm set > 48 h as one of HAI inclusion criteria, however, during the process of infection preventionist confirmation, few infection cases occurred within 48 h admission were also classified into HAIs, such as: neonate acquired infections from delivery, infections present on admission if related to a prior hospitalization, the device operation at day 1 or day 2