Variable | Total (n = 338) | Carbapenem not necessary (n = 311) | Carbapenem necessary (n = 27) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61 [49–71] | 59 [19–87] | 61 [22–83] | 0.21 |
Male sex, n (%) | 243 (71.9) | 224 (72.0) | 19 (70.4) | 0.83 |
Chronic diseases, n (%) | ||||
• High blood pressure | 186 (55.0) | 168 (54.0) | 18 (66.7) | 0.23 |
• Coronary artery disease | 85 (25.1) | 77 (24.8) | 8 (29.6) | 0.64 |
• Arteriopathy | 59 (17.5) | 53 (17.0) | 6 (22.2) | 0.44 |
• Diabetes | 117 (34.6) | 110 (35.4) | 7 (25.9) | 0.40 |
• Chronic heart failure | 64 (18.9) | 57 (18.3) | 7 (25.9) | 0.31 |
• Chronic respiratory failure | 46 (13.6) | 43 (13.8) | 3 (11.1) | 1.00 |
• Chronic obstructive bronchitis | 46 (13.6) | 43 (13.8) | 3 (11.1) | 1.00 |
• Cancer, immunosuppressiona | 59 (17.5) | 53 (17.0) | 6 (22.2) | 0.44 |
• Chronic alcoholism | 98 (29.0) | 90 (28.9) | 8 (29.6) | 1.00 |
• Chronic tobacco exposure | 91 (26.9) | 85 (27.3) | 6 (22.2) | 0.66 |
• Obesity | 59 (17.5) | 53 (17.0) | 6 (22.2) | 0.44 |
• Undernutrition | 47 (13.9) | 44 (14.1) | 3 (11.1) | 1.00 |
• Chronic renal failureb | 55 (16.3) | 46 (14.8) | 9 (33.3) | 0.03 |
• Chronic hemodialysis | 17 (5.0) | 12 (3.9) | 5 (18.5) | 0.01 |
• Cirrhosis | 13 (3.8) | 13 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0.61 |
Type of ICU admission, n (%) | 0.95 | |||
• Medical | 242 (71.6) | 222 (71.4) | 20 (74.1) | |
• Emergency surgery | 71 (21.0) | 66 (21.2) | 5 (18.5) | |
• Planned surgery | 25 (7.4) | 23 (7.4) | 2 (7.4) | |
Reason for ICU admission, n (%) | 0.07 | |||
• Cardiovascular failure | 135 (39.9) | 127 (40.8) | 8 (29.6) | |
• Infection | 72 (21.3) | 65 (20.9) | 7 (25.9) | |
• Neurological failure | 29 (8.6) | 23 (7.4) | 6 (22.2) | |
• Respiratory failure | 70 (20.7) | 65 (20.9) | 5 (18.5) | |
• Other | 32 (9.5) | 31 (10.0) | 1 (3.7) | |
SAPS II score on admission | 54 [39–68] | 54 [39–67] | 57 [40–75] | 0.49 |
SOFA score on admission | 12 [9–14] | 12 [9–14] | 12 [9–15] | 0.58 |
Mechanical ventilation on admission, n (%) | 301 (89.1) | 276 (88.7) | 25 (92.6) | 0.75 |
Length of hospital stay before ICU admission (days) | 2 [0–6] | 2 [0–6] | 0 [0–5] | 0.10 |
Hospitalization for more than 2 days within the past 6 months, n (%) | 209 (61.8) | 189 (60.8) | 20 (74.1) | 0.22 |
Use of indwelling catheter (urinary, gastric, tracheal), n (%) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
Travel abroad in the last 6 months, n (%) | 39 (11.5) | 29 (9.3) | 10 (37.0) | < 0.001 |
Antibiotic therapy in the 3 months prior to ICU-acquired infection | ||||
• All types of antibiotic therapy, n (%) | 269 (79.6) | 246 (79.1) | 23 (85.2) | 0.62 |
o All types of β-lactam, n (%) | 265 (78.4) | 242 (77.8) | 23 (85.2) | 0.47 |
o β-lactam of class ≥3, n (%) | 199 (58.9) | 177 (56.9) | 22 (81.5) | 0.02 |
Class of β-lactam, n (%) | 0.03 | |||
▪ Class 1 | 5 (1.5) | 5 (1.6) | 0 (0) | |
▪ Class 2 | 61 (18.0) | 60 (19.3) | 1 (3.7) | |
▪ Class 3 | 66 (19.5) | 55 (17.7) | 11 (40.7) | |
▪ Class 4 | 80 (23.6) | 75 (24.1) | 5 (18.5) | |
▪ Class 5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
▪ Class 6 | 53 (15.7) | 47 (15.1) | 6 (22.2) | |
o Quinolone, n (%) | 26 (7.7) | 23 (7.4) | 3 (11.1) | 0.45 |
o Aminoglycoside, n (%) | 120 (35.5) | 108 (34.7) | 12 (44.4) | 0.40 |
o Vancomycin or linezolid, n (%) | 47 (13.9) | 40 (12.9) | 7 (25.9) | 0.08 |
Delay between prior antibiotic therapy and date of infection, n (%) | ||||
o Between ICU admission and date of infection | 219 (64.8) | 203 (65.3) | 16 (59.3) | 0.54 |
o In the month prior to ICU admission | 159 (47.0) | 115 (37.0) | 15 (55.5) | 0.07 |
o Between 3 months and 1 month prior to ICU admission | 19 (5.6) | 13 (4.2) | 2 (7.4) | 0.34 |
Mechanical ventilation on the date of infection, n (%) | 319 (94.4) | 294 (94.5) | 25 (92.6) | 0.66 |
SOFA score on the date of infection | 10 [6–13] | 10 [6–13] | 10 [6–12] | 0.72 |
Delay between ICU admission and date of infection, (days) | 7 [4–11] | 6 [4–11] | 9 [5–12] | 0.06 |
• More than 5 days after admission, n (%) | 239 (70.7) | 216 (69.5) | 23 (85.2) | 0.12 |
• More than 7 days after admission, n (%) | 173 (51.2) | 154 (49.5) | 19 (70.4) | 0.05 |
Colonization with MDR/XDR at least 2 days before the date of infection, n (%) | 55 (16.3) | 41 (13.2) | 14 (51.9) | < 0.001 |
Type of ICU-acquired infection, n (%) | 0.02 | |||
• Bloodstream infection | 140 (41.4) | 123 (39.5) | 17 (63.0) | |
• Pneumonia | 198 (58.8) | 188 (60.5) | 10 (37.0) |