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Table 2 Risk factors for ceftriaxone resistance among urinary Escherichia coli isolates

From: Individual and community predictors of urinary ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates, Victoria, Australia

Characteristic

Proportion ceftriaxone resistant

Risk ratio (95% CI)*

Adjusted risk ratio (95% CI)

Sex

 Female

5.5% (331/6008)

reference

reference

 Male

7% (51/724)

1.28 (0.96–1.70)

1.17 (0.88–1.55)

Age group

 80 years and more

6.4% (72/1119)

reference

reference

 70–79 years

6.3% (66/1048)

0.98 (0.71–1.35)

1.22 (0.87–1.70)

 60–69 years

5.4% (48/890)

0.84 (0.59–1.19)

1.12 (0.77–1.63)

 50–59 years

5.6% (42/751)

0.87 (0.60–1.26)

1.20 (0.81–1.78)

 40–49 years

3.9% (26/659)

0.61 (0.40–0.95)

0.84 (0.53–1.34)

 30–39 years

5.3% (39/734)

0.83 (0.57–1.21)

1.05 (0.70–1.59)

 20–29 years

6.9% (58/846)

1.07 (0.76–1.49)

1.48 (1.02–2.15)

 15–19 years

3.3% (8/246)

0.51 (0.25–1.04)

0.77 (0.37–1.61)

 10–14 years

2.8% (2/72)

0.43 (0.11–1.72)

0.66 (0.17–2.61)

 5–9 years

4.1% (8/194)

0.64 (0.31–1.31)

0.98 (0.47–2.02)

 0–4 years

7.6% (13/170)

1.19 (0.67–2.10)

1.71 (0.95–3.07)

Residence in RACF

 No

5.3% (337/6397)

reference

reference

 Yes

13.4% (45/335)

2.55 (1.91–3.41)

2.94 (2.10–4.13)

Referral source

 Community

5.4% (332/6095)

reference

reference

 Hospital: ED

4.2% (15/358)

0.77 (0.46–1.28)

0.72 (0.43–1.21)

 Hospital: non-ED

12.5% (35/279)

2.30 (1.66–3.19)

2.05 (1.45–2.9)

Region

 Western Metropolitan

7.9% (78/982)

reference

reference

 Northern Metropolitan

8.8% (59/672)

1.11 (0.80–1.53)

 

 Eastern Metropolitan

6.6% (47/710)

0.83 (0.59–1.18)

 

 South-Eastern Metropolitan

7.1% (70/981)

0.90 (0.66–1.23)

 

 Southern Metropolitan

4.2% (28/660)

0.53 (0.35–0.81)

 

 Northern Victoria

3.7% (28/763)

0.46 (0.30–0.70)

 

 Eastern Victoria

5.2% (51/973)

0.66 (0.47–0.93)

 

 Western Victoria

2.2% (6/270)

0.28 (0.12–0.63)

 

 Other

2.1% (15/714)

0.26 (0.15–0.46)

 

Remoteness area

 Major Cities

6.3% (330/5267)

reference

 

 Inner Regional

3.5% (44/1268)

0.55 (0.41–0.75)

0.89 (0.60–1.30)

 Other

4.2% (8/191)

0.67 (0.34–1.33)

1.13 (0.56–2.31)

Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage, 1st decile

 No

5.4% (332/6120)

reference

 

 Yes

8.3% (49/591)

1.53 (1.15–2.04)

0.93 (0.65–1.31)

Percentage of postcode residents born in region, median (IQR)

 Oceania and Antarctica

NA

0.89 0.86–0.92)

 

 North-West Europe

NA

0.62 (0.49–0.77)

 

 Southern and Eastern Europe

NA

1.39 (1.23–1.57)

1.12 (0.94–1.32)

 North Africa and the Middle East

NA

1.47 (1.31–1.65)

1.30 (1.09–1.54)

 South-East Asia

NA

1.24 (1.16–1.33)

1.14 (1.02–1.27)

 North-East Asia

NA

1.09 (1.01–1.19)

0.99 (0.89–1.11)

 Southern and Central Asia

NA

1.29 (1.20–1.38)

1.16 (1.04–1.28)

 Americas

NA

1.76 (0.49–6.33)

 

 Sub-Saharan Africa

NA

2.02 (1.02–3.99)

1.55 (0.66–3.65)

  1. Notes: *From univariable Poisson regression models; †From multivariable Poisson regression model (23 records omitted due to missing values); ‡ Effect measure corresponds to the change in prevalence of ceftriaxone resistance for each 5% increase in proportion of residents born in specified region. ED = emergency department; IQR = interquartile range; RACF = residential aged-care facility