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Table 2 Epidemiology of oqxAB in Salmonella spp.

From: The nature and epidemiology of OqxAB, a multidrug efflux pump

References

Year(s) of isolates collection

Geographic area

Sample source

Percentage of oqxAB carring isolates (no. of isolates)

Resistance phenotypes

Descriptions

[58]

 

Hong Kong

Pork, chicken

2.38 (2/84)

TET, CHL, NAL, OLA

First Detection of oqxAB on the chromosomes of two Salmonella Derby isolates from food.

[60]

2005–2011

Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Fujian, Sichuan, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, China

Human

0.73% (4/546)

NAL, CHL, GEN, KAN, TET

Combined effects of ESBL determinants and oqxAB were responsible for the emergence of XDR S. Typhimurium.

[59]

2009–2013

Henan, China

Poultry, human

72.73% (112/154)

AMP, CAZ, CHL, CIP, CTX, GEN, SXT, TET

Co-occurrence of qepA, oqxAB, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr with mutations in gyrA and parC and several ESBLs were noteworthy.

[62]

1999–2008

Taiwan, China

Human

16.1% (10/76)

CIP, LVX, CAZ, CTX, FOX, CRO

GyrA mutations are the major quinolone resistance mechanisms in Salmonella. Overproduction of efflux pump and presence of qnr and oqxAB play additional roles.

[63]

2012–2013

Shenzhen, China

Retail meat (chicken, pork)

91% (75/82)

CTX, CIP, AZM, AMP, NAL, KAN, STR, CHL, TET

PMQRs greatly facilitate development of FQs resistance in Salmonella.

[61]

2010–2011

Fujian, Henan, Guangdong, Beijing, Guangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Shanghai China

Retail raw chicken carcasses

42% (194/462)

NAL, CIP, LVX, GAT

Isolates which harboured more PMQR genes and accumulated more point mutations on GyrA and ParC presented higher resistance levels to quinolones.

[15]

2007–2011

China

Poultry, swine, animal hospital

31.7% (20/63)

OLA, NAL, GEN, CHL, FFC, AMP, CIF, TET, SMX

All the isolates carring transferable IncHI2-type plasmids haboured oqxAB cassette and incomplete class 1 integron.

[64]

2015–2016

Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Liaoning, Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei, Hubei, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Sichuan, China

Chicken

8.24% (14/170)

CTX, AK, CIP, AMP, CTI,FEP, ATM, STR, NAL, NOR, SXT, CHL, TET, DOX

The blaCTX-M genes, 16S rRNA methylase genes (armA, rmtD or rmtC) and five plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants (aac(6′)-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qnrB, qepA and qnrD) were identified in 18 S. Indiana and 17 S. California isolates.

  1. Notes: OLA olaquindox, CHL chloramphenicol, CIP ciprofloxacin, AMP ampicillin, KAN kanamycin, TET tetracycline, SXT sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, FFC florfenicol, LVX levofloxacin, CTX cefotaxime, CAZ ceftazidime, STR streptomycin, GEN gentamicin, CTI ceftiofur, DOX doxycycline, FOX cefoxitin, CRO ceftriaxone, CTX cefotaxime, AZM azithromycin, GAT gatifloxacin, AK amikacin, FEP cefepime, NAL nalidixic acid