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Table 2 Types of interventions and outcomes

From: Value of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs [ASPs]: a systematic review

 

Number of studies

Percentage

Intervention (N = 145)

 Therapy evaluation, review and/or feedback

82

57

 Altered therapy guidelines

37

25

 Giving education

18

12

 Antibiotic restriction lists of pre-authorization

15

10

 Rapid diagnostic tools

11

8

 New biomarkers

4

3

 Pre-analytic consultations

2

1

 Antibiotic cycling

1

1

 Other

1

1

Outcome Measures (N = 146)

Antibiotic Use

  

 Antimicrobial resistance

22

15

 Antibiotic usage

100

68

Patient Outcomes

 LOS (days)

79

54

 Mortality rate

58

40

 Overall readmission rate

23

16

  o 28/30-day readmission rate

15

10

Economic Outcomes

 Antimicrobial costs

91

62

 Implementation costs

9

6

 LOS costs

3

2

 Operational costs

22

15

 Cost savings

54

37

 Othera

47

32

  1. Abbreviations: LOS Length of stay
  2. aOther outcome measures include but are not limited to mechanical ventilator use, adherence to guidelines, QALYs, avoidable hospital cost, etc.