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Table 2 The percentage reductions in biofilm seeding following testing with the three doses of BL

From: The potential of visible blue light (405 nm) as a novel decontamination strategy for carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE)

Study identifier

Bacterium

Resistance mechanism^

Percentage (%) reductions in biofilm seeding following BL exposure

5 min (162 J/cm2)

15 min (54 J/cm2)

30 min (108 J/cm2)

% reduction

n

p-value

% reduction

n

p-value

% reduction

n

p-value

CPE_8180

K. pneumoniae

bla NDM

13.9

20

< 0.0001

15.9

40

< 0.0001

66.1

40

< 0.0001

CPE_8770

K. pneumoniae

bla NDM

88.1

20

< 0.0001

89.0

40

< 0.0001

90.9

40

< 0.0001

CPE_9606

E. coli

bla NDM

66.7

20

< 0.0001

93.0

40

< 0.0001

91.8

40

< 0.0001

CPE_7534

E. coli

bla NDM

54.2

40

< 0.0001

76.3

40

< 0.0001

89.1

40

< 0.0001

CPE_5773

K. pneumoniae

blaNDM & blaOXA-48

64.7

20

< 0.0001

81.9

40

< 0.0001

94.6

40

< 0.0001

CPE_6949

K. pneumoniae

bla KPC

32.5

20

0.0023

47.7

40

< 0.0001

87.7

40

< 0.0001

CPE_0257

K. pneumoniae

bla KPC

34.8

20

< 0.0001

82.9

40

< 0.0001

83.4

40

< 0.0001

CPE_4388

K. oxytoca

bla KPC

89.8

20

< 0.0001

79.8

40

< 0.0001

91.2

40

< 0.0001

CPE_1798

K. pneumoniae

bla OXA-48

20.6

20

0.0202

74.3

40

< 0.0001

85.5

40

< 0.0001

CPE_8421

E. coli

bla OXA-48

28.9

40

0.0044

68.3

40

< 0.0001

82.9

40

< 0.0001

CPE_9956

K. pneumoniae

blaNDM & blaOXA-48

31.0

20

< 0.0001

40.0

40

< 0.0001

96.7

40

< 0.0001

CPE_7855

K. pneumoniae

blaNDM & blaOXA-48

26.3

20

0.0015

87.9

40

< 0.0001

97.7

40

< 0.0001

  1. Notes: Resistance mechanism: ^ as determined through PCR testing at reference laboratory. blaNDM (gene encoding for New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1), blaKPC (gene encoding for Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase), blaOXA-48 (gene encoding oxacillinase OXA-48)
  2. Bold numbers represent results where there was ≥80% reductions in biofilm seeding
  3. ‘n’ refers to the number of technical replicates that were performed