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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with community-acquired (CA), healthcare-associated (HCA), and nosocomial K. pneumoniae bacteremia

From: Clinical characteristics, antimicrobial resistance and capsular types of community-acquired, healthcare-associated, and nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia

Variable

CA (nā€‰=ā€‰70)

HCA (nā€‰=ā€‰102)

Nosocomial (nā€‰=ā€‰165)

p value

CA vs. HCA

HCA vs. Nosocomial

CA vs. Nosocomial

Demographics

ā€ƒAge, (Meanā€‰Ā±ā€‰SD), years

71.43ā€‰Ā±ā€‰13.64

72.37ā€‰Ā±ā€‰14.39

67.71ā€‰Ā±ā€‰16.32

0.696

0.031

0.122

ā€ƒGender, male

37 (52.9)

70 (68.6)

95 (57.6)

0.036

0.071

0.505

Days of hospitalization prior to culture, median (IQR), days

0.0 (0.0ā€“0.0)

0.0 (0.0ā€“0.0)

14.0 (6.0ā€“25.0)

N/A

<ā€‰0.001

<ā€‰0.001

Polymicrobial infection

12 (17.1)

16 (15.7)

40 (24.2)

0.799

0.095

0.231

Primary site of infection

ā€ƒPneumonia

4 (5.7)

20 (19.6)

36 (21.8)

0.013

0.666

0.002

ā€ƒUrinary tract

14 (20.0)

18 (17.6)

15 (9.1)

0.697

0.039

0.020

ā€ƒIntra-abdomena

26 (37.1)

32 (31.4)

36 (21.8)

0.432

0.082

0.015

ā€ƒLiver abscess

14 (20.0)

5 (4.9)

2 (1.2)

0.002

0.110

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒSkin and soft tissue

2 (2.9)

1 (1.0)

4 (2.4)

0.567

0.652

1.000

ā€ƒIntravenous catheter

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

8 (4.8)

1.000

0.160

0.109

ā€ƒPrimary bacteremia

5 (7.1)

21 (20.6)

60 (36.4)

0.016

0.006

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒDisseminated infection

4 (5.7)

4 (3.9)

2 (1.2)

0.717

0.206

0.066

Underlying disease

ā€ƒMalignancy

12 (17.1)

49 (48.0)

95 (57.6)

<ā€‰0.001

0.129

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒDiabetes mellitus

27 (38.6)

41 (40.2)

46 (27.9)

0.830

0.037

0.105

ā€ƒChronic kidney disease

28 (40.0)

35 (34.3)

57 (34.5)

0.447

0.969

0.426

ā€ƒHemodialysis

0 (0.0)

5 (4.9)

15 (9.1)

0.081

0.206

0.007

ā€ƒCongestive heart failure

4 (5.7)

13 (12.7)

14 (8.5)

0.193

0.262

0.597

ā€ƒLiver cirrhosis

6 (8.6)

10 (9.8)

14 (8.5)

0.785

0.714

0.983

ā€ƒCerebral vascular disease

7 (10.0)

15 (14.7)

28 (17.0)

0.364

0.625

0.170

ā€ƒChronic obstructive lung disease

2 (2.9)

7 (6.9)

6 (3.6)

0.313

0.234

1.000

ā€ƒCollagen vascular disease

2 (2.9)

3 (2.9)

6 (3.6)

1.000

1.000

1.000

ā€ƒTransplantation

1 (1.4)

4 (3.9)

5 (3.0)

0.649

0.735

0.672

ā€ƒImmunosuppressionb

5 (7.1)

41 (40.2)

69 (41.8)

<ā€‰0.001

0.794

<ā€‰0.001

Invasive procedures and devices at onset of bacteremia

14 (20.0)

30 (29.4)

98 (59.4)

0.165

<ā€‰0.001

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒCentral venous catheter

1 (1.4)

3 (2.9)

45 (27.3)

0.647

<ā€‰0.001

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNasogastric/Nasojejunal tube

9 (12.9)

21 (20.6)

72 (43.6)

0.189

<ā€‰0.001

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒUrinary catheter

8 (11.4)

16 (15.7)

53 (32.1)

0.429

0.003

0.001

ā€ƒEndotracheal tubec

1 (1.4)

2 (2.0)

24 (14.5)

1.000

<ā€‰0.001

0.002

ā€ƒTracheostomy

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

18 (10.9)

0.407

<ā€‰0.001

0.016

ā€ƒSurgical drainage

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

16 (9.7)

N/A

<ā€‰0.001

0.004

Surgery within 2Ā weeks

0 (0.0)

5 (4.9)

32 (19.4)

0.081

0.001

<ā€‰0.001

Prior antibiotic exposure

ā€ƒAny antibiotic

0 (0.0)

30 (29.4)

109 (66.1)

<ā€‰0.001

<ā€‰0.001

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒ1st or 2nd generation cephalosporind

0 (0.0)

16 (15.7)

46 (27.9)

<ā€‰0.001

0.022

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒ3rd or 4th generation cephalosporine

0 (0.0)

4 (3.9)

25 (15.2)

0.147

0.004

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒĪ²-lactam and Ī²-lactamase inhibitorf

0 (0.0)

11 (10.8)

55 (33.3)

0.003

<ā€‰0.001

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒCarbapenemg

0 (0.0)

5 (4.9)

31 (18.8)

0.081

0.001

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒFluoroquinoloneh

0 (0.0)

4 (3.9)

23 (13.9)

0.147

0.011

<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒAminoglycosidei

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

9 (5.5)

1.000

0.095

0.061

ā€ƒTigecycline

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

12 (7.3)

1.000

0.020

0.020

ā€ƒGlycopeptidej

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

20 (12.1)

1.000

0.001

0.001

ā€ƒMetronidazole

0 (0.0)

2 (2.0)

11 (6.7)

0.514

0.140

0.037

Pitt bacteremia score, median (IQR)

1.0 (0.0ā€“2.0)

1.0 (0.0ā€“3.0)

2.0 (0.0ā€“4.0)

0.517

0.054

0.012

APACHE II score, median (IQR)

11.0 (9.0ā€“16.0)

17.0 (11.0ā€“22.0)

19.0 (14.0ā€“24.0)

<ā€‰0.001

0.016

<ā€‰0.001

  1. Data are presented as number (%) of patients, unless stated otherwise
  2. SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, APACHE Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation, N/A not applicable
  3. aIntra-abdominal infection was defined as infections of single organs of abdomen with or without extension into the peritoneal space with exclusion of liver abscess
  4. bImmunosuppression was defined as meeting one of the following criteria: neutropenia, use of corticosteroids, or receiving chemotherapy
  5. cEndotracheal tube was defined as patient being intubated at the onset of bacteremia
  6. dIncluding cefazolin and cefuroxime
  7. eIncluding cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, and cefpirome
  8. fIncluding amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, and ticarcillin/clavulanate
  9. gIncluding ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem
  10. hIncluding ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin
  11. iIncluding amikacin, gentamicin and isepamicin
  12. jIncluding vancomycin and teicoplanin