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Table 1 Univariate analysis of epidemiologic parameters, length of stay, and direct hospital costs of cases with blood stream infection caused by enterococcus spp. stratified by vancomycin resistance

From: The importance of adjusting for enterococcus species when assessing the burden of vancomycin resistance: a cohort study including over 1000 cases of enterococcal bloodstream infections

Parameter

(A) VS-E. faecium (n = 493)

(B) VS-E. faecalis (n = 563)

P-Value for A) vs. B)

(C) VR-E. faecium (n = 103)

P-Value for C) vs. A)

P-Value

OR (CI 95)

P-Value

OR (CI 95)

In-hospital mortality

39.6% (195)

24.4% (132)

0.000

2.137 (1.638-2.787)

50.5% (52)

0.041

1.558 (1.017–2.387)

Male

58.6% (289)

63.1% (355)

0.141

0.830 (0.648-1.063)

66.0% (68)

0.163

1.371 (0.879–2.141)

Age in years, median (IQR)

67 (54–75)

64 (53–73)

0.059

n.a.

61 (52–70)

0.107

 

Cardiac disease

28.2% (139)

29.0% (163)

0.786

0.964 (0.737-1.259)

26.2% (27)

0.683

0.905 (0.559-1.464)

Vascular disease

22.1% (109)

22.4% (126)

0.916

0.984 (0.736-1.317)

22.3% (23)

0.961

1.013 (0.608-1.687)

Pulmonary disease

20.1% (99)

23.1% (130)

0.236

0.837 (0.623-1.124)

21.4% (22)

0.769

1.081 (0.643-1.818)

Rheumatic disease

3.0% (15)

3.6% (20)

0.644

0.852 (0.431-1.683)

2.9% (3)

0.944

0.956 (0.272-3.364)

Gastrointestinal disease

5.5% (27)

3.7% (21)

0.174

1.495 (0.834-2.680)

5.8% (6)

0.888

1.068 (0.429-2.656)

Diabetes

22.9% (113)

32.0% (180)

0.001

0,633 (0,481-0,833)

19.4% (20)

0.437

0,810 (0.476-1.379)

Renal disease

59.0% (291)

52.8% (297)

0.041

1.290 (1.011-1.647)

70.9% (73)

0.025

1.689 (1.065-2.679)

Liver disease

29.6% (146)

19.9% (112)

0.000

1.694 (1.276-2.249)

42.7% (44)

0.009

1.772 (1.146-2,74)

Cancer/ immunological disease

48.1% (237)

36.1% (203)

0.000

1.642 (1.283-2.101)

53.4% (55)

0.325

1.238 (0.809-1.894)

Neurological disease

7.3% (36)

13.0% (73)

0.003

0,529 (0,348-0,804)

8.7% (9)

0.616

1.215 (0.566-2.608)

Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR)

7 (4–9)

7 (4–9)

0.907

n.a.

7 (5–9)

0.377

n.a.

Length of stay as Median (IQR)

 LOS total (days)

42 (23–78)

32 (16–61)

0.000

n.a.

54 (36–85)

0.010

n.a.

 LOS before BSI (days)

19 (9–34)

10 (2–25)

0.000

n.a.

27 (15–39)

0.003

n.a.

 LOS after BSI (days)

18 (8–41)

16 (8–33)

0.308

n.a.

23 (8–45)

0.183

n.a.

 LOS normal ward

15 (1–36)

11 (1–25)

0.010

n.a.

17 (0–44)

0.368

n.a.

 LOS ICU

18 (1–49)

10 (1–40)

0.016

n.a.

24 (5–57)

0.050

n.a.

Hospital costs as median (IQR)

 Total hospital costs

51,365 (22,535-119,789)

31,122 (11,829-74,344)

0.000

n.a.

80,465 (47,887–157,447)

0.000

n.a.

 Daily costs

1,237 (729–1,812)

1,014 (614–1,466)

0.000

n.a.

1,484 (1,095–2,186)

0.000

n.a.

 Medical staff

7,600 (3169-16,468)

5,344 (1841-12,213)

0.000

n.a.

10,390 (6,364–20,983)

0.002

n.a.

 Nursing staff

11,499 (4,476-26,237)

7,141 (2,610-21,591)

0.000

n.a.

16,661 (8,029–32,905)

0.003

n.a.

 Assistant medical technicians

2,630 (1,028-5694)

1,906 (646–4,325)

0.000

n.a.

3,665 (1,397–6,795)

0.082

n.a.

 Pharmacy

6,924 (2,200-20,922)

2,742 (636–7,865)

0.000

n.a.

17,145 (8,087–36,779)

0.000

n.a.

 Expenses for implants/transplants

0 (0–412)

0 (0–170)

0.005

n.a.

20 (0–605)

0.767

n.a.

 Medical supply

6,858 (2,820-15,057)

3,926 (− 1,338-9,782)

0.000

n.a.

9,878 (5,104–18,957)

0.002

n.a.

 Medical infrastructure

1,893 (939–4,128)

1,473 (547–3,271)

0.000

n.a.

2,629 (1,611–5,219)

0.001

n.a.

 Non-medical infrastructure

8,975 (4,215-18,206)

6,176 (2,576-14,049)

0.000

n.a.

12,244 (6,763–20,002)

0.003

n.a.

  1. Categorical variables displayed as percentage and number; continuous variable displayed as median and interquartile range. *P-value, categorical variables tested with Chi-square test, continuous variable tested with Wilcoxon rank sum test. BSI = blood stream infection, IQR = interquartile range, OR = odds ratio, CI95 = 95% confidence interval. VRE = vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, VSE = vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus. N.a. = not applicable
  2. Bold entries represent statistically significant factors