Table 2 Patient characteristics and patient outcome pre- and post-implementation of interventions, per intervention group and specialty
Pulmonary medicine Period | Infectious diseases Period | Gastroenterology Period | Audit with feedback Period | Academic detailing Period | Control (all three specialities) Period | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre N = 427 n (%) | Post N = 162 n (%) | p-value | Pre N = 424 n (%) | Post N = 153 n (%) | p-value | Pre N = 78 n (%) | Post N = 39 n (%) | p-value | Pre N = 478 n (%) | Post N = 182 n (%) | p-value | Pre N = 451 n (%) | Post N = 172 n (%) | p-value | Pre N = 350 n (%) | Post N = 169 n (%) | p-value | |
Age (mean - years) | 69.6 | 68.99 | 0.66 | 67.5 | 64.4 | 0.10 | 68.9 | 64.8 | 0.35 | 67.1 | 66.1 | 0.51 | 70.2 | 67.1 | 0.05 | 63.2 | 65.7 | 0.22 |
Sex | ||||||||||||||||||
Female | 213 (49.9) | 88 (54.3) | 0.34 | 180 (42.5) | 80 (52.3) | 0.04 | 37 (47.4) | 16 (41.0) | 0.51 | 221 (46.2) | 101 (55.5) | 0.03 | 209 (46.3) | 83 (48.3) | 0.67 | 167 (47.7) | 80 (47.3) | 0.94 |
Male | 214 (50.1) | 74 (45.7) | 244 (57.5) | 73 (47.7) | 41 (52.6) | 23 (59) | 257 (53.8) | 81 (44.5) | 242 (53.7) | 89 (51.7) | 183 (52.3) | 89 (52.7) | ||||||
Admitted from hospital/nursing home | 55 (12.9) | 15 (9.3) | 0.23 | 68 (16.0) | 30 (19.7) | 0.30 | 14 (18.0) | 3 (7.7) | 0.14 | 67 (14.0) | 20 (11.0) | 0.30 | 70 (15.5) | 28 (16.4) | 0.79 | 51 (14.6) | 23 (13.6) | 0.75 |
Indication for antibiotic treatment | ||||||||||||||||||
Pneumonia | 136 (31.9) | 63 (38.9) | 0.20 | 115 (27.1) | 45 (29.6) | 0.06 | 11 (14.1) | 3 (7.7) | 0.16 | 162 (33.9) | 67 (36.8) | 0.01 | 100 (22.2) | 44 (25.7) | 0.15 | 65 (18.7) | 23 (13.6) | 0.31 |
COPD exacerbation, infectious | 183 (42.9) | 63 (38.9) | 59 (13.9) | 7 (4.6) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (5.1) | 132 (27.6) | 34 (18.7) | 111 (24.6) | 38 (22.2) | 25 (7.2) | 15 (8.9) | ||||||
LRTI - Other | 23 (5.4) | 9 (5.6) | 16 (3.7) | 6 (3.95) | 6 (7.7) | 2 (5.1) | 19 (4.0) | 4 (2.2) | 26 (5.8) | 13 (7.6) | 22 (6.3) | 7 (4.1) | ||||||
Sepsis | 40 (9.4) | 17 (10.5) | 61 (14.4) | 24 (15.8) | 16 (20.5) | 5 (12.8) | 57 (11.9) | 26 (14.3) | 60 (13.3) | 20 (11.7) | 73 (21.0) | 50 (29.6) | ||||||
Skin and soft tissue | 3 (0.7) | 2 (1.2) | 62 (14.6) | 33 (21.7) | 9 (11.5) | 6 (15.4) | 31 (6.5) | 25 (13.7) | 43 (9.5) | 16 (9.4) | 58 (16.7) | 22 (13.0) | ||||||
Gastrointestinal tract | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 9 (2.12) | 4 (2.6) | 9 (11.5) | 11 (28.2) | 6 (1.3) | 2 (1.1) | 13 (2.8) | 13 (7.6) | 35 (10.1) | 14 (8.3) | ||||||
Urinary tract | 9 (2.1) | 5 (3.1) | 75 (17.7) | 21 (13.8) | 17 (21.8) | 9 (23.1) | 31 (6.5) | 16 (8.8) | 70 (15.5) | 19 (11.1) | 36 (10.3) | 19 (11.2) | ||||||
Other | 32 (7.5) | 3 (1.9) | 27 (6.4) | 12 (7.9) | 9 (11.5) | 1 (2.6) | 40 (8.4) | 8 (4.4) | 28 (6.2) | 8 (4.7) | 34 (9.8) | 19 (11.2) | ||||||
Antibiotic allergies | 62 (14.5) | 28 (17.3) | 0.41 | 35 (8.3) | 19 (12.4) | 0.13 | 8 (10.3) | 4 (10.3) | 0.99 | 59 (12.3) | 26 (14.3) | 0.51 | 46 (10.2) | 25 (14.5) | 0.13 | 25 (7.2) | 17 (10.1) | 0.18 |
Patient outcomes ∆ | ||||||||||||||||||
Length of stay (days) | 7.2 | 6.9 | 0.40 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 0.99 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 0.30 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 0.04∆ | 6.5 | 6.8 | 0.41 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 0.11 |
In-hospital mortality | 30 (7.0) | 7 (4.3) | 0.23 | 12 (2.8) | 4 (2.61) | 0.89 | 3 (3.9) | 2 (5.13) | 0.76 | 28 (5.9) | 9 (5.0) | 0.65 | 17 (3.8) | 4 (2.3) | 0.37 | 13 (3.7) | 3 (1.8) | 0.23 |
30-day mortality | 53 (12.4) | 11 (6.8) | 0.05 | 30 (7.1) | 8 (5.3) | 0.44 | 3 (3.9) | 4 (10.3) | 0.17 | 50 (10.5) | 12 (6.6) | 0.13 | 36 (8.0) | 11 (6.4) | 0.51 | 24 (6.9) | 6 (3.6) | 0.13 |
30-day readmission | 117 (29.3) | 38 (24.5) | 0.26 | 78 (19.1) | 18 (12.2) | 0.06 | 16 (21.3) | 6 (17.1) | 0.61 | 111 (24.6) | 36 (20.9) | 0.33 | 100 (23.1) | 26 (15.7) | 0.04∆ | 58 (17.5) | 30 (18.6) | 0.75 |