Authors | Country | Setting | Objective | Study design | Type of intervention | Relevant outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brink et al., 2017 [97] | South Africa | Hospital | To implement an improvement model for existing resources, in order to achieve a reduction in surgical site infections (SSIs) across a heterogeneous group of 34 urban and rural South African hospitals | A pharmacist-driven, prospective audit and feedback strategy | Pharmacist included in the post-pharmacist intervention | pharmacists can effectively improve guideline compliance and sustainable patient outcomes(P < 0.0001) |
Ellis et al., 2016 [36] | USA | Hospital | To assess the impact of pharmacist intervention on appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing on a geriatric unit | Pre and Post - pharmacist intervention | Pharmacist included in the post-pharmacist intervention | Post-intervention group had significantly less inappropriate doses for indication compared to the pre-intervention group (p = 0.02), pharmacist intervention group had less antibiotics prescribed for an inappropriate duration(p < 0.01), post intervention group had medications prescribed with appropriate dose, duration, and indication(p = 0.04) |
Okada et al., 2016 [37] | Japan | Hospital | To investigate the clinical effectiveness of the pharmacist interventions on antibiotic use | Retrospective study design | Pharmacist included in the intervention group | Effective drug concentrations significantly increased in the intervention group. Intervention (74%) and control (55%). |
Northey et al., 2015 [38] | Australia | Community | To assess the effectiveness of involving community pharmacy staff in patient education about antibiotic resistance | Randomized control study | Those in the intervention group were provided with verbal education by pharmacists | Antibiotic knowledge increased after receiving verbal antibiotic education (p = 0.008) |
Zhou et al., 2015 [34] | China | Hospital | To describe the impacts of pharmacist intervention on the use of antibiotics, particularly in urology clean operations | Pre and Post - pharmacist intervention | Pharmacist included in the post intervention group | Average antibiotic cost decreased, cost of antibiotics as a percentage of total drug cost decreased by 27. 7%; the rate of use of antibiotics decreased from 100% to 7.3% |
Booth et al., 2013 [10] | UK | Community | To compare the care pathway of patients with UTI symptoms attending GP services with those receiving management, including trimethoprim supply under PGD, via community pharmacies | Prospective, cross-sectional, mixed methods | Pharmacies invited a purposive sample of female patients to participate | Antibiotic treatments for UTIs could be provided via community pharmacy to improve patient access to treatment which may also maintain antibiotic stewardship and reduce GP workload |
Magedanz et al., 2012 [9] | Brazil | Hospital | To assess the impact of ASP, with and without the presence of a pharmacist, in a cardiology hospital in Brazil | Pre and Post pharmacist intervention | Pharmacist included in the post-pharmacist intervention | Adherence to recommendations was increased (64%), hospital antibiotic cost reduction (69%). |
Yen et al., 2012 [39] | Taiwan | Hospital | A pharmacist-managed antibiotic intravenous to oral (i.v.-to-p.o.) conversion program has been incorporated to minimize unnecessary i.v. antibiotic usage | Retrospectively collected by chart review | Pharmacist included in the intervention group | Length of hospital stay was significantly decreased (p = 0.001) |
Dunn et al., 2011 [40] | Ireland | Hospital | To assess the impact of the introduction of guidelines and criteria for switching to oral antimicrobials | prospective and of controlled before and after design | Pharmacist included in the intervention group | Duration of IV antimicrobial treatment reduced significantly in the study group post intervention, (P = 0.02) compared to the control group |
Grill et al., 2011 [41] | Germany | Hospital | To assess the impact of pharmaceutical consulting on the quality of antimicrobial use in a surgical hospital department | Prospective controlled intervention study | Pharmacist included in the intervention group | Intervention reduced the length of antimicrobial courses (IG = 10 days, CG = 11 days, incidence rate ratio for i.v. versus o.p. = 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 0.93) and shortened i.v. administration (IG = 8 days, CG = 10 days, hazard rate = 1.76 in favour of switch from i.v. to p.o., 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.52). 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.52 |
Shen et al., 2011 [35] | China | Hospital | To evaluate the impact of pharmacist interventions on antibiotic use in inpatients with respiratory tract infections in a tertiary hospital in China | Randomized control study | Pharmacist included in the intervention group, no pharmacist in the control group | Total costs of hospitalization in the intervention group was lower compared to the control group P < 0.001. Total cost of antibiotics in the intervention group was lower to the control group (P = 0.01). Patients required shorter length of hospital stay (P = 0.03) |
Hersberger et al., 2009 [42] | Switzerland | Community | To examine prescribing patterns of antibiotics and symptomatic medications for ARTI in Swiss primary care and to monitor pharmacists’ interventions during the prescription-dispensing process | Cluster randomized trial | Pharmacist included in the intervention group | Most patients (80%) were treated only with symptomatic medications. Most frequently prescribed symptomatic ARTI medications were nasal decongestants (39%), cough suppressants (36%), and mucolytic (31%) |