Table 2 Associations between potential risk factors and S. aureus intestinal colonization
From: Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from human stool samples
Risk Factor | Cases (N = 58) | Controls (N = 131) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
 0–29 years | 9 | 13 | Ref | Ref |
 30–49 years | 14 | 34 | 0.58 (0.020–1.65) | 2.94 (0.43–19.88) |
 50–69 years | 28 | 60 | 0.67 (0.026–1.77) | 5.02 (0.81–30.9) |
 Over 70 years | 7 | 23 | 0.44 (0.13–1.5) | 1.42 (0.15–13.6) |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 24 | 74 | Ref | Ref |
 Female | 33 | 58 | 1.84 (0.98–3.44) | 1.93 (0.94–3.96) |
Race/ Ethnicity | ||||
 Caucasian | 53 | 115 | Ref |  |
 African American | 2 | 5 | 0.9 (0.17–4.8) |  |
 Hispanic/ Latino | 3 | 2 | 3.35 (0.54–20.63) |  |
 Other | 1 | 8 | 0.28 (0.03–2.29) |  |
S. aureus Infectiona | ||||
 No | 53 | 121 | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 5 | 10 | 1.14 (0.37–3.50) | 0.83 (0.19–3.54) |
Other Coinfections | ||||
 No Coinfections | 26 | 46 | Ref |  |
 One | 21 | 60 | 0.62 (0.34–1.23) |  |
 Two | 4 | 18 | 0.49 (0.16–1.48) |  |
 Three or more | 7 | 7 | 0.67 (0.19–2.34) |  |
Collection Reason | ||||
 Abdominal pain | 5 | 13 | Ref | Ref |
 Clostridium difficile | 23 | 37 | 1.61 (0.51–5.13) | 1.87 (0.49–7.11) |
 Diarrhea | 11 | 72 | 0.67 (0.21–2.14) | 0.59 (0.15–2.25) |
 Other | 19 | 9 | 2.25 (0.63–8.03) | 2.74 (0.64–11.7) |
Deceasedb | ||||
 No | 44 | 83 | Ref | Ref |
 Yes-within 30 days | 3 | 11 | 0.71 (0.18–2.8) | 0.74 (0.13–4.67) |
 Yes- after 30 days | 14 | 26 | 0.4 (0.16–0.98) | 0.29 (0.1–0.86) |
 Undeterminable | 4 | 7 | 1.08 (0.3–3.9) | 0.71 (0.17–2.96) |
Gastrointestinal Disease | ||||
 No | 21 | 69 | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 37 | 62 | 1.96 (1.04–3.7) | 13.9 (1.67–115.7) |
Immunocompromised | ||||
 No | 15 | 34 | Ref |  |
 Yes | 43 | 97 | 1.01 (0.47–2.04) |  |
ICU Stay | ||||
 No | 47 | 98 | Ref |  |
 Yes | 11 | 33 | 0.69 (0.32–1.5) |  |
ICU Unit | ||||
 No ICU stay | 47 | 98 | Ref |  |
 MICU | 5 | 21 | 0.5 (0.18–1.4) |  |
 SICU | 2 | 6 | 0.7 (0.14–3.58) |  |
 Other | 4 | 6 | 1.4 (0.4–5.2) |  |
ICU Length of Stay | ||||
 0 days | 47 | 99 | Ref | Ref |
 1 to 4 days | 1 | 14 | 0.15 (0.02–1.18) | 0.15 (0.02–1.36) |
 Greater than 4 days | 10 | 18 | 1.18 (0.5–2.73) | 1.38 (0.46–4.15) |
Total Length of Stay | ||||
 0 days | 12 | 23 | Ref |  |
 1 to 10 days | 23 | 59 | 0.75 (0.32–1.75) |  |
 11 to 29 days | 10 | 26 | 0.74 (0.27–2.02) |  |
 Greater than 30 days | 13 | 23 | 1.08 (0.41–2.87) |  |
Antibiotics used | ||||
 No | 26 | 40 | Ref |  |
 Yes | 32 | 91 | 0.54 (0.29–1.02) |  |
Laxatives used | ||||
 No | 43 | 100 | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 15 | 31 | 1.13 (0.56–2.3) | 1.94 (0.8–4.6) |
Anti-motility agent used | ||||
 No | 57 | 122 | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 1 | 9 | 0.238 (0.03–1.92) | 0.16 (0.02–1.53) |