Risk factor | Bacterial resistance phenotype | References (Italy) | References (Other European countries) |
---|---|---|---|
High age | ESBL, MRSA | [13] | |
Male sex | ESBL, MRSA | Â | |
Physical disability, bedridden, low functional status | ESBL, MRSA | ||
Prolonged duration of stay in LTCF | MRSA | [23] | Â |
Invasive medical devices (urinary catheter, percutaneous enteral gastrostomy tube, tracheostomy tube) | ESBL, MRSA | ||
Previous administration of antibiotics within the preceding year | ESBL, MRSA | ||
Colonization history by the same microorganism | ESBL, MRSA | Â | |
MDR bacteria carriage of other residents | MRSA | Â | |
Multiple room occupancy, MDR carrier in the same room | MRSA | Â | [46] |
Residency in specific unit within LTCF | ESBL, MRSA | Â | |
Prior admission to acute care hospital | ESBL, MRSA | ||
Surgical procedures within 30Â days | ESBL | [20] | Â |
Cancer | ESBL, MRSA | [58] | |
Decubitus ulcer | ESBL, MRSA | [22] | |
Various wounds, skin lesions | MRSA, ESBL | Â | |
Peptic ulcer, use of antiacids | ESBL, MRSA | [20] | [6] |
Chronic renal failure | ESBL | [20] | Â |
History of urinary tract infections | ESBL | Â | [17] |
Urinary and faecal incontinency | ESBL, MRSA | [23] | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | ESBL, MRSA | Â | |
Diabetes | ESBL | [20] | [8] |