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Table 2 Description of studies included in systematic review

From: Clinical and economic consequences of hospital-acquired resistant and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study (Year)

Study Design

Setting/ location

Source of Infection

Definition of Resistance / Controls

Study Population

Patients (n)

Ref.

Akhabue et al. (2011)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Genitourinary, respiratory wound, blood, tissue

Culture positive results for cefepime susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa

Cefepime resistant P. aeruginosa

213

[61]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

2316

Brooklyn Antibiotic Resistance Task Force (2002)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for carbapenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

10

[60]

Resistant P. aeruginosa

10

Cao et al. (2004)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; China

Genitourinary, respiratory wound, blood, tissue

Culture positive results for susceptible or MDR P. aeruginosa (when the absence of susceptibility to three or more antibiotics: ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem or meropenem)

MDR P. aeruginosa

44

[57]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

68

Eagye et al. (2009)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for meropenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; control patients were located in the same unit and on the same day as cases and without 105 DRG codes related to infection

Meropenem resistant P. aeruginosa

58

[53]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

125

Control

57

Evans et al. (2007)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; resistance defined as resistance to all the drugs in one or more of the following antibiotic classes: aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones.

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

73

[71]

Resistant P. aeruginosa

47

Furtado et al. (2009)

Retrospective Observational

ICU; Brazil

Genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for imipenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; control patients were hospitalized in the same ICU unit as the case participants and matched by time (within a 30-day interval), age (within a 10-year interval), and time at risk (control patients were imipenem susceptible)

Imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa

63

[62]

Control

182

Furtado et al. (2011)

Prospective Observational

Tertiary; Brazil

Respiratory

Culture positive results for imipenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; Isolates were screened for the presence of metallo-β-lactamases by using multiplex PCR.

São Paulo Metallo-β-lactamase (SPM-1) producing imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa

5

[68]

Non-SPM-1-producing susceptible P. aeruginosa

24

Gasink et al. (2006)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for fluoroquinolone susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa

Fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa

320

[64]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

527

Hirakata et al. (2003)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; Japan

Genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for blaIMP-positive or negative P. aeruginosa; control subjects selected at random from among inpatients; control subjects samples were blaIMP-negative P. aeruginosa

blaIMP-positive P. aeruginosa

69

[69]

     

blaIMP-negative P. aeruginosa

247

 

Kaminski et al. (2011)

Nested case cohort

ICU; France

Respiratory

Culture positive results for Ureido/carboxypenicillin susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa

Ureido/carboxypenicillin-resistant P. aeruginosa

70

[66]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

153

Lambert et al. (2011)

Prospective Observational

ICU; EU

Respiratory

Susceptibility testing in different centers was done according to local policies

Ceftazidime resistant P. aeruginosa

366

[31]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

1266

Lautenbach et al. (2010)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Genitourinary, respiratory wound, blood, tissue

Culture positive results for imipenem susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa

Imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa

253

[63]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

2289

Montero et al. (2009)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; Spain

Respiratory

Culture positive results for P. aeruginosa; MDR when the absence of susceptibility to three or more antibiotic families (betalactams, quinolones, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides); control patients also had nosocomial infection (20% with P. aeruginosa), but were not multidrug-resistant

MDR P. aeruginosa

50

[58]

Control

50

Morales et al. (2012)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; Spain

Genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; MDR when strains were resistant to carbapenems, β-lactams, quinolones, tobramycin, and gentamicin

MDR P. aeruginosa

134

[49]

Resistant P. aeruginosa

119

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

149

Paramythiotou et al. (2004)

Retrospective Observational (matched)

ICU; France

Genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; MDR were resistant to piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin; control patient was hospitalized in the same ICU as the corresponding case participant during the study period but whose microbiological cultures for P. aeruginosa showed no growth at any time during their ICU stay. Controls matched to cases for length of ICU stay.

MDR P. aeruginosa

37

[54]

Control

34

Peña et al. (2013)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; Spain

Respiratory

MDR defined as strains non-susceptible to > = 1 agent in > = 3 anti-pseudomonal antimicrobial categories (carbapenems, β-lactams, quinolones, tobramycin, and gentamicin)

MDR P. aeruginosa

27

[56]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

56

Scheetz et al. (2006)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Blood

Culture positive results for fluoroquinolone susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa

Fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa

79

[65]

Fluoroquinolone susceptible P. aeruginosa

136

Söderström et al. (2009)

Retrospective Observational (matched)

Tertiary; Finland

Wound

Culture positive results for resistant P. aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, and a combination of piperacillin and tazobactam; A control participant with negative MDR P. aeruginosa culture was matched to each study participant (a drug-sensitive strain of P. aeruginosa was cultured from 31 control participants (48%))

MDR P. aeruginosa

64

[59]

Control

64

Tam et al. (2009)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Blood

Culture positive results for AmpC++ by ceftazidime susceptibility with and without clavulanic acid

AmpC++ P. aeruginosa

21

[72]

Wild-type P. aeruginosa

33

Tam et al. (2010)

Retrospective Observational

Tertiary; USA

Blood

MDR was defined as culture positive results for resistance to three or more of the following four classes of agents: antipseudomonal carbapenems, antipseudomonal β-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins), aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones

MDR P. aeruginosa

25

[13]

Susceptible P. aeruginosa

84

Trouillet et al. (2002)

Prospective Observational

ICU; France

Respiratory

Culture positive results for piperacillin susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa

Piperacillin resistant P. aeruginosa

34

[67]

Piperacillin susceptible P. aeruginosa

101

Tumbarello et al. (2013)

Retrospective Observational

ICU; Italy

Respiratory

Culture positive results for piperacillin susceptible or resistant P. aeruginosa; MDR if in vitro resistance to >1 antipseudomonal agent in 3 or more of the following categories: β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors, cephalosporins, carbapenems, quinolones and aminoglycosides

MDR P. aeruginosa

42

[55]

Non-MDR P. aeruginosa

68

Zavascki et al. (2006)

Prospective Observational

Tertiary; Brazil

Blood, genitourinary, respiratory, wound

Culture positive results for metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) –carrying versus non-MBL- carrying P. aeruginosa

MBL-carrying P. aeruginosa

86

[70]

Non-MBL-carrying P. aeruginosa

212