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Table 3 Incidence densities and proportions of ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric settings

From: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonates, infants and children

Region

Reference (Author, Country, Year of publication, Ref No)

Setting

Patients

VAP*

VD*

Incidence density (N/1000 ventilation-days)

%**

Middle

Afjeh, Iran, 2012 [27]

NICU*

281

14

1207

11.6

17.3

East/Persia

Almuneef, Saudi Arabia, 2004 [28]

PICU*

2361

37

4173

8.9

10.3

 

Shaath, Saudi Arabia, 2013 [29]

Cardiac surgery

1137

9

306

29.4

6.6

South Asia

Awasthi, India, 2013 [19]

PICU*

2105

38

-

-

36.2

East Asia

Yuan, China, 2007 [30]

NICU*

2259

52

1130

46.0

20.1

 

Navoa-Ng, Philippines, 2011 [31]

PICU*

3252

6

391

0.44

2.4

 

Navoa-Ng, Philippines, 2011 [31]

NICU*

31813

1

2279

12.8

0.06

 

Xu, China, 2007 [32]

NICU*

33942

143

2259

63.3

3.6

 

Cai, China, 2010 [33]

NICU*

31159

38

779

48.8

3.3

Europe

Geffers, Germany, 2008 [21]

NICU* (<1500 g)

38677

176

64090

2.7

2.0

 

Leistner, Germany, 2013 [22]

NICU* (<1500 g)

-

345

158024

2.2

-

 

Tekin, Turkey, 2013 [34]

NICU*

36932

76

11939

6.4

1.1

 

Yalaz, Turkey, 2012 [35]

NICU*

2162

40

2907

13.8

24.7

 

Patria, Italy, 2013 [25]

PICU*

3451

30

-

-

6.7

 

Hentschel, Switzerland, 2005 [36]

NICU*

121

1

80

12.5

4.8

 

Roeleveld, Netherlands, 2011 [37]

Cardiac surgery

1125

11

644

17.1

8.8

 

Gastmeier, Germany, 2002 [38]

Burn unit

341

8

145

55.2

19.5

 

Oezdemir, Turkey, 2011 [39]

PICU*

3203

-

-

15.7

-

 

Jordan Garcia, Spain, 2014 [40]

PICU*

3300

4

422

9.5

1.3

 

Turkish Neonatal Society; 2010 [41]

NICU*

39359

-

-

-

1.7

North

Edwards, USA, 2008 [23]

PICU*

-

176

85809

2.1

-

America

Edwards, USA, 2008 [23]

NICU*

-

410

203466

2.0

-

 

Edwards, USA, 2007 [42]

PICU*

-

81

32936

2.5

-

 

Edwards, USA, 2007 [42]

NICU*

-

121

63075

1.9

-

 

Hocevar, USA, 2012 [43]

NICU*

-

701

336527

2.1

-

 

Stover, USA, 2001 [44]

PICU*

-

-

-

3.7

-

 

Stover, USA, 2001 [44]

NICU*

-

-

-

2.5

-

 

Apisarnthanarak, USA, 2003 [45]

NICU* (ELBW)

2211

24

4173

5.8

11.4

 

Elward, USA, 2002 [46]

PICU*

1595

34

2931

11.6

5.1

 

Weber, USA, 1997 [47]

Burn unit

140

7

614

11.4

17.5

 

Martinez-Aguilar, Mexico, 2001 [48]

PICU*

-

44

1571

28

-

South

Abramczyk, Brazil, 2003 [11]

PICU*

3515

40

2120

18.7

7.8

America

Pessoa-Silva, Brazil, 2004 [49]

NICU*

34878

83

10494

7.9

1.7

 

Araujo da Silva Brazil, 2012 [50]

Homecare

19

23

3394

6.8

-

 

Casado, Brazil, 2011 [51]

PICU*

1366

39

1439

27.1

10.7

 

Duenas, Argentina, 2011 [52]

PICU*

31145

93

7709

12.1

8.1

 

Duenas, Argentina, 2011 [52]

NICU*

31270

139

8634

16.1

10.9

 

Becerra, Peru, 2010 [53]

PICU*

3414

27

3420

7.9

6.5

 

Fernandez Jonusas, Argentina, 2011 [54]

NICU*

31530

6

3157

1.9

0.4

Africa

Rasslan , Egypt, 2012 [20]

PICU*

3143

18

567

31.8

12.6

 

Rogers, South Africa, 2014 [55]

Burn unit

292

41

-

30.0

40.2

 

El-Kholy, Egypt, 2012 [56]

PICU*

1211

54

1478

36.5

25.6

 

El-Kholy, Egypt, 2012 [56]

NICU*

1127

26

1003

25.9

20.5

 

Ben Jaballah, Tunisia, 2006 [57]

PICU/NICU*

3340

7

1591

4.4

2.1

 

Badr, Egypt, 2011 [58]

NICU*

256

32

315

101.6

57.1

 

El-Nawawy, Egypt, 2006 [59]

PICU*

-

-

-

10.9

-

Australia

Gautam, Australia, 2012 [26]

PICU*

2269

18

2564

7.0

6.7

  1. *NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia; VD: ventilation days.
  2. **Proportion of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia compared to patients included in the study (admissions or patients on ventilation).
  3. 1Patients on mechanical ventilation for 24 h or more.
  4. 2Patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h.
  5. 3All admitted patients.